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Site Interconnection
Published in Cheng Sheng, Jie Bai, Qi Sun, Software-Defined Wide Area Network Architectures and Technologies, 2021
First, we will look at the concepts of NAT mapping and filtering in STUN. NAT mapping refers to the process in which the NAT device maps the IP addresses of a group of hosts on a private network to the same public IP address so that the specific group of hosts can share a unique public IP address. In this way, all different information flows appear to come from the same IP address. NAT mapping can be achieved in the following ways: Address- and port-independent NAT mapping: A private IP address and its corresponding port are mapped to a fixed public IP address and port. In this mode, the NAT device uses the same mapping for subsequent packets that are sent from the same private IP address and port to any public IP address and port.Address-dependent NAT mapping: The NAT device uses the same mapping for packets that are sent from the same private IP address and port to the same public IP address corresponding to any port.Address- and port-dependent NAT mapping: The NAT device uses the same mapping for packets that are sent from the same private IP address and port to the same public IP address and port.
Introduction of Computer Networks
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
Network Address Translation (NAT) Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process where a network device, usually a firewall, assigns a public address to a computer (or group of computers) inside a private network. The main use of NAT is to limit the number of public IP addresses an organization or company must use, for both economy and security purposes.
Interworking Services in SIP
Published in Radhika Ranjan Roy, Handbook on Session Initiation Protocol, 2018
However, the network address translation is used by the network administrator for their private internal networks using private IP addresses and port numbers hiding the internal network topologies for security reasons or nonavailabil-ity of the public IP addresses. The NAT that is considered a network-layer (or even layer 4 in some cases) device usually maps the internal private IP addresses and port numbers into public IP and port numbers. The key is when a calling, called, or both parties reside behind NATs, their private IP and port numbers will not be known a priori first for routing of the SIP signaling messages before the session is set up and then for routing of the media between the communicating parties once the session is established. Moreover, there are different kinds of NATs, and the behavior of one kind of NAT significantly differs from that of another.
Human teleoperation - a haptically enabled mixed reality system for teleultrasound
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
David Black, Yas Oloumi Yazdi, Amir Hossein Hadi Hosseinabadi, Septimiu Salcudean
Though the results are promising, the implemented system also has certain limitations, which are discussed here. First, the tele-ultrasound system was implemented on local networks to allow rapid prototyping and development. However, to be truly useful in the real world, it would have to be expanded to run on external networks. With the advent of 5 G, the required bandwidths outlined in Table 2 can easily be supported. Current work is porting the communication system to WebRTC, which can support secure teleoperation over the Internet, through almost any firewall and router NAT (Network Address Translation). This is enabled by the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) protocol. Though the Internet adds some latency over local networks, WebRTC is a peer-to-peer, UDP-based architecture which is inherently faster than the system used in the presented prototype. We therefore expect the latency to continue to be limited by the human response time rather than the communication delays, so the tests and discussion about control architectures presented here would still be equally applicable. This improvement to the system is now discussed in Black and Salcudean (2022).
Virtualised Environment for Learning SDN-based Networking
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2020
Oscar Polanco, Fabio G. Guerrero
The principle proposed by SDN for the control plane has been identified by the ITU as an important concept to be extended to user and management planes. This concept, which is called “softwarization,” is a part of the requirements identified for IMT-2020 systems (International Mobile Telecommunications) by study group 13 [5]. Network functions virtualisation (NFV),[6] decouples network functions such as routing, firewall, intrusion detection, and NAT (Network Address Translation) from proprietary hardware platforms, and implements them in software. It uses standard virtualisation technologies that run on high-performance common hardware (non-proprietary) to virtualise network functions. NFV is applicable to any processing in the data plane or to any function in the control plane, in both wired and wireless network infrastructures. NFV has several features in common with SDN because they share the following objectives: moving functions to a software, using common hardware platforms instead of proprietary platforms, using APIs, and more efficiently supporting the implementation of network functions. In addition, SDN and NFV are independent but complementary schemes. In order to make a clear distinction between SDN and NFV, it should be noted that SDN decouples data and control planes, making the control and routing of network traffic more flexible and efficient. In contrast, NFV decouples the network functions from the specific hardware platforms through virtualisation, and provides these functions by using generic hardware platforms.
Reachability Matrix Ontology: A Cybersecurity Ontology
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2019
Noemi Scarpato, Nicole Dalia Cilia, Marco Romano
A NATRule (Network Address Translation Rule) is completely described by the following series of triples: [URI of the rule] DACPruleID [datatype][URI] registeredAt [node – object] (links a NAT Rule to the device that executes it)[URI] allowsNode [node – object] (indicates the set of nodes matching the Destination value for this rule in the DACP input, which will be reachable if the rule is passed)[URI] allowsIPProtocol [string representing the IPProtocol (TCP or UDP) allowed by this rule – datatype][URI] allowsPortNumber [integer (0–65535) representing the port numbers allowed by this rule – datatype][URI] appliesTo [IP interface – object] (indicates the set of IP interfaces matching the Source value for this rule in the DACP input, for which the rule shall be fired).