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Quality of Service MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks
Published in Shafiullah Khan, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, Nabil Ali Alrajeh, Wireless Sensor Networks, 2016
Bilal Muhammad Khan, Rabia Bilal
MAC layer is a part of the data link layer in the Open System Internet (OSI) reference model. The task of the MAC layer is clear and well defined; it determines the access mechanism and time for a node to try to transmit data, control or manage packets, to another node in the case of unicast scenario or to a set of nodes in the multicast scenario. The two important responsibilities of the remaining part of the data link layer are error control and flow control. Error control techniques are used to ensure that transmission incurs no errors and to take corrective measures if there are errors in transmission, whereas flow control regulates the rate of transmission, which is crucial in the case of slow receivers to prevent them from being overloaded with data.
The Internet and TCP/IP
Published in Goff Hill, The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 2012
The data-link layer provides reliable transfer of information across a physical link, where a link is a direct physical connection between two network devices. (A connection between two users that passes through many intermediate nodes would involve many links.) It sends blocks of data (frames) with the necessary functionality: Synchronization, to ensure that the receiver can align successfully to bit and byte boundaries.Error control, to ensure that any lost packets due to errors are retransmitted.
Systems and Models of Communications Technologies: Shannon–Weaver, von Neumann, and the Open System Interconnection Model
Published in Stephan S. Jones, Ronald J. Kovac, Frank M. Groom, Introduction to COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, 2015
Stephan S. Jones, Ronald J. Kovac, Frank M. Groom
The data-link layer is the second layer of the OSI model. This layer is concerned with physical (as opposed to logical) addressing. At this layer, a network device (e.g., a computer) has an address assigned to its network interface card (NIC) that uniquely identifies a device. Layer 2 is also concerned with network access (e.g., the NIC), framing of upper-layer data for use at the physical layer, and error detection. Layers 1 and 2 are the most universally accepted protocol layers of the OSI model.
Hybrid Optimization Assisted Green Power Allocation Model for QoS-Driven Energy-Efficiency in 5G Networks
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
Shriganesh Yadav, Sameer Nanivadekar
Let us symbolize the peak and average transmits power constraints denoted by and correspondingly (Cheng, Zhang, and Zhang 2016). The packets were separated to frame at the data-link layer and the physical layer, which is split into bit-streams. Accordingly, the channel power gain will never vary for a time frame with a predetermined length however, it varies separately across a diverse time frame. The frame time is supposed to be lesser than fading coherence duration. The Probability Density Function (PDF) for Nakagami- channel indicated by is formulated as in Eq. (1), where stand for the Gamma function, correspond to the fading constraint of Nakagami- distribution, point out the instant channel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and point out average SNR at receiver.
TCN enhanced novel malicious traffic detection for IoT devices
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Liu Xin, Liu Ziang, Zhang Yingli, Zhang Wenqiang, Lv Dong, Zhou Qingguo
Ethernet Data Frame Header: At the data link layer, the data carrier is an Ethernet data frame. Ethernet has different versions of the protocol. We use Ethernet II here, which is defined in IEEE 802.3x (IEEE, n.d.). The address information can be used as the identity information of the data stream to be temporarily stored.IPv4 Packet Header: As the definition in RFC791 (Postel, 1981b), all fields are stored as feature information in this paper.TCP Header: We use the TCP protocol as the target protocol, which is defined in the RFC793 document (Postel, 1981a). “Flag,” “Window Size”, “Urgent Pointer,” and “Options” fields are temporarily stored as features, and “Source Port” and “Destination Port” are temporarily stored for identification.
An Investigation into the Factors that Affect Miscommunication between Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers in Commercial Aviation
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2019
Qiong Wu, Brett R. C. Molesworth, Dominique Estival
It is also possible that the proactive measures employed in commercial aviation have minimized or even eliminated the differences between the two phases of flight. Airlines around the world have proactively introduced the concept of a sterile cockpit. Below a predefined altitude, in many cases 10,000 feet, all communication exchanges are limited to flight operations. Pilots are provided with information about their destination airport, such as weather and runway direction, through an automated recording known as the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS). Having this information allows pilots to plan ahead, potentially reducing their cognitive load, through the minimization of new information. In addition, using text form communication such as controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC) also significantly relieves radio frequency congestion (Hah, Willems, & Schulz, 2010). How the sterile cockpit requirement and automated information service impact on communication accuracy remains an area for future research.