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Published in Min Basadur, Michael Goldsby, Rob Mathews, Design-Centered Entrepreneurship, 2022
Min Basadur, Michael Goldsby, Rob Mathews
In addition to 3D additive RP technologies, there are subtractive technologies. Some of these are primarily two-dimensional, while others are 3D. Two dimensional subtractive technologies cut out wanted areas from sheet stock according to digital information. These include lasers, plasma arc cutters, electrical discharge machining, routers, milling machines, water jets, and more. For some systems, a programming language known as G-Code is used to tell a Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine to turn on, where to cut, and how fast to cut. In other instances, specialized computer interfaces are used, and some of these are as easy as sending data to a printer. Cutting out parts from a flat sheet is generally a two-axis system. Full movement to cut shapes through all axes is possible on a three-axis system, and it is even possible to have a four-axis system (where it is possible not only to machine along paths for curves generated in the x, y, and z axes, but to add a different motion, such as a turntable, which is considered a different degree of freedom, even though the object really only exists in three-dimensional space), or a five-axis one. Lathes are also used to create parts with circular cross sections.
CAM Assessment and Rapid Prototyping
Published in Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles, Designing Small Weapons, 2022
Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles
Figure 5.3 shows the workflow to manufacture an RP of a firearm by CNC machining, laser cutting, or 3D printing, which considers the variation among each type of process used for this purpose. For the case of CNC machining, it is possible to obtain a model in an exclusive extension depending on CAD software: *.sldprt from SolidWorks® or generic extension as Parasolid *.x_t. The CAD file is converted to *.step or *.iges formats, which are valid input data as CAM files and are open in CAM software as Mastercam®, Edgecam®, SURFCAM®, or Cimatron®, where the manufacturing parameters as toolpaths are analyzed [4]. For the case of CAM software, the CAM file is converted to cutter location (CL) file, or CL-data and later from the postprocessing phase to G-code, which includes the G-code (axis movements) and M-code (auxiliar code) [5]. The G-code, also known as ISO 6983 or with the most modern version as STEP-NC, is used by CNC machines, laser cutters, and 3D printers to operate [6]. Today, the drive control can operate up to ten axes driving the spindle to work RPs in composite, aluminum, and steel. The CNC control panel is the human-machine interface (HMI) for movement programming, backup, and file upload and download. The drive control operates X, Y, Z, A, and B axes according to the number of CNC machine axes [7].
Automation in Manufacturing
Published in Edward Y. Uechi, Business Automation and Its Effect on the Labor Force, 2023
A computer numerical control (CNC) machine modernizes a machine tool such as a milling machine, a lathe, and a router. A computer executes instructions to cut wood, metal, or another material very precisely with little waste. The computer software program is written in a specialized language called G-code. A wide range of CNC machines can be made with a cutter that can handle a specific type of material (e.g., a laser cutter or a plasma cutter). The CNC machine can be small to fit on a table or large to fill a room.
Enhancing cyber-physical security in manufacturing through game-theoretic analysis
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2018
Zach DeSmit, Aditya U. Kulkarni, Christian Wernz
To illustrate the game-theoretic concepts discussed above, we will use an example of a cyber-physical manufacturing system. The system consists of a design computer, a cloud-based data storage capability and a CNC lathe as illustrated in Figure 1. Engineers use the design computer to translate a product design into G-code files for the lathe. G-code is a numerical control programming language used in computer-aided manufacturing. The G-code files are then uploaded to the cloud-based data storage. When the lathe is ready for the next job, it downloads the first file in the queue on the cloud-based data storage and executes the G-code file to manufacture one or more products. The cloud-based data storage is secured by a third party, whereas the design computer and the lathe must be secured by the company that operates the cyber-physical manufacturing system.