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Sanitary and Hydraulic Engineering
Published in Ervan Garrison, A History of Engineering and Technology Artful Methods, 2018
Abundant supply of clean, fresh water resulted from the construction of numerous water treatment and distribution facilities. Water purification plants were the most impressive feature of the water supply network. The treatment process, common today, consisted of aerating the incoming water, chemical treatment (alum addition) to promote settling, sedimentation, filtration, and distribution. Water was pumped by pipe throughout cities and towns. Amounting to less than 3% of the total cost ($13 million), the roads, sewers and water supply systems played a major role in making the project possible.
Seismic reliability of lifeline systems
Published in B.F. Spencer, Y.X. Hu, Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in the New Millennium, 2017
Lifelines are those services vital to the health and safety of community and the functioning of an urban and industrialized society. Lifelines include the systems for water, gas, sewer, electric power, transportation, communication and so on. Lifelines are critical for emergency response, such as earthquake[1]. In this paper, only water supply network is covered. These large and complex network systems are consisted of different kind of components connected in different ways.
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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Rural Water Supply Network. 2013. Guidelines and Tools for Rural Water Supplies: RWSN IFAD Rural Water Supply Series: Volume 3. http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/398. A set of tools for operation and management of rural water systems, showing the range of tasks which must be followed to ensure integrity in system condition.
Empirical models for long-term localised corrosion of cast iron pipes buried in soils
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2019
Robert E. Melchers, Robert B. Petersen, Tony Wells
The water supply network of many cities still includes extensive use of cast iron and ductile cast iron pipes, including larger diameter trunk mains. The technology involved is classical, dating back at least to the mid-1800s [1]. There have been improvements over many years, including cast iron pipes being made by rotation casting processes. Cast iron and ductile iron pipes remain the material of choice for some water utilities, primarily because of the usually excellent corrosion resistance of cast irons. However, in soils such as clays cast iron pipes have been found to corrode much more quickly [1]. High levels of external corrosion of cast iron pipes can cause them to fail, potentially with serious economic and other consequences, including water losses, high costs for damage compensation and regulatory penalties. As a result, the management of the pipe network is of on-going interest to water utilities, particularly for pipes of larger diameters (trunk mains). A key aspect is the ability to predict the amount of corrosion, and particularly the amount of corrosion penetration, as a function of the age of the pipe and its soil environment and operating conditions. This paper focuses on the development of a model for the depth of localised corrosion as a function of exposure duration and conditions.
1-D convolution neural network based leak detection, location and size estimation in smart water grid
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Pooja Choudhary, B. A. Botre, S. A. Akbar
The water supply network system consists of a raw water source, a treatment plant and a water distribution system to supply water for the daily usage of citizens and factories. It is an essential infrastructure for a smart city. However, water runs on aging pipelines buried underground, and hence, pipelines are readily eroded by the damp environment causing leakage and contamination. Water is easily polluted by chemical or biological contaminants. Such contaminants can enter the water supply network by accident or by malicious actions (Tsakalides et al. 2018). Leakages in pipelines are caused due to pipeline deterioration, installation problems, unauthorized extractions, pressure fluctuations, and terrorist sabotage (Stoianov et al. 2007, Adedeji et al. 2017). To avoid leak consequences, leak detection at the preliminary stage is paramount. The pipeline leak detection issue has been addressed by various researchers and corresponding solutions have been proposed. Various methods available in the literature for detecting leakages are classified into different categories based on their operating principle, sensor availability, etc. More often, these methods have been divided into interior-based approach and exterior-based approach. The interior and exterior approach for leak detection classification is based on whether the sensing system is located inside or outside the pipelines (Murvay et al. 2012). In the exterior approach, the sensing system is located outside the pipeline. However, a large amount of expensive equipment needs to be installed in exterior methods. Interior approaches consist of software-based technologies that leverage intelligent computational algorithms using sensors for monitoring the internal pipeline environment for the detection (Li et al. 2015). The high false alarm rate with location estimation is a frequent problem for most software approaches (Verde et al. 2017). Although, numerous leak detection and location problems can be solved by traditional exterior and interior methods as per pipeline operating conditions and construction material, there are still limitations as highlighted in Table 1.