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Business Improvement through Innovation in Construction Firms: The ‘Excellence’ Approach
Published in Ben Obinero Uwakweh, Issam A. Minkarah, 10th Symposium Construction Innovation and Global Competitiveness, 2002
Herbert S. Robinson, Patricia M. carrillo, Chimay J. Anumba, Ahmed M. Al-Ghassan
The OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) standard related to trenching (OSHA Standard 1926 Subpart P) consists of three main sections with six (6) appendices. The first section contains definitions clearly defining the terms used in the excavation standard. The second section contains the general requirements. All underground and aboveground installations must be located before starting excavation work. Access and egress must be provided for employees in excavations over 4 feet (1.2 meters) in depth to prevent falls when entering or exiting excavations. Employees working in trenches shall be protected from caveins, loose rock and soil, falling loads, and hazardous atmospheres. Both surface and subsurface water must be controlled with water removal equipment supervised by a competent person. Adjacent structures must be underpinned before start of excavation work. All required inspections should be conducted by a competent person on a daily or as-needed basis. Fall protection must be provided where appropriate, in excavations and over trenches.
Excavations and trenching
Published in Alan J. Lutenegger, Soils and Geotechnology in Construction, 2019
OSHA defines an excavation as “any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression made in an earth surface formed by earth removal.” A trench is defined as “a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the width of the trench, measured at the bottom, is not greater than 15 ft.” Figure 5.2 shows a typical utility excavation. Figure 5.3 shows a typical utility trench.
Structural design and construction
Published in David Butler, Christopher Digman, Christos Makropoulos, John W. Davies, Urban Drainage, 2018
David Butler, Christopher Digman, Christos Makropoulos, John W. Davies
The minimum trench width specified in BS EN 1610: 2015 is given in Tables 15.5 and 15.6. The width must not exceed any maximum specified in the structural design, since this might affect the appropriateness of the structural design calculations. The normal maximum depth of a trench is 6 m, but this is less if there are extra surcharge loads on either side of the trench.
Efficiency analysis of open trench for impact pile driving through a single-variable method
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2021
Amir Hamidi, Abtin Farshi Homayoun Rooz
To attenuate the ground vibrations, installation of a barrier in the path of the wave propagation within the soil, between a vibration source and their nearby structures, has been the most efficient solution among different vibration isolation methods in both literature and practice. Moreover, digging a trench is very common and important construction activity owing to taking the low difficulty to construct as well as low cost. Thus, the efficiency of an open trench utilization as a wave barrier has been proved for vibration screening. A trench is defined as a narrow excavation made below the ground surface, in which its depth is greater than its width, but the width is not greater than 4.6 m (15 ft) (OSHA 1970). Constructing a trench close to a vibration source is known as active isolation, whereas excavating a trench far from a vibration source, namely closed to the structures need to be protected, is called passive isolation. Importantly, the active isolation system has considered in higher priority in practice rather than the passive one due to the less required excavation along with working within site.