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Vehicle Data Sources for the Accident Reconstructionist
Published in Donald E. Struble, John D. Struble, Automotive Accident Reconstruction, 2020
Donald E. Struble, John D. Struble
Total Station: A surveying device that measures a point’s location by measuring its distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle. The angles are measured by the theodolite portion, in which the operator adjusts the angles until the point appears in the cross hairs of a sighting telescope, and signals for the data to be recorded. The distance to the point is measured with the electronic distance meter, which measures the time required by an infrared light beam to travel to the point and return. The device may be used with a survey prism, some other type of reflector, or no reflector at all. The ability to take points without a prism or reflector depends on the point not being on too distant a surface, the nature and orientation of the surface, and atmospheric conditions.
Terrestrial Laser Scanners
Published in Jie Shan, Charles K. Toth, Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, 2018
Gordon Petrie, Charles K. Toth
Total stations are in widespread use in land and engineering surveying practice. Basically, they comprise an electronic theodolite (measuring horizontal and vertical angles) that is integrated with a laser rangefinder (measuring distances) to establish the positions and elevations of specific points in the terrain. These instruments are usually operated manually by surveyors and engineers; most total stations are nonrobotic in their operation. However, some manufacturers have developed total stations further to incorporate a limited robotic capability that allows the instrument to undertake 3D laser scanning, albeit with a much reduced performance as compared with the purpose-designed and built laser scanners that have been described thus far.
Modern Survey Support to Drilling Boreholes
Published in C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma, Design Criteria for Drill Rigs: Equipment and Drilling Techniques, 2020
C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma
Through mechanical improvement in miniaturisation, EDM equipment and theodolite have been combined into one instrument called the ‘Total Station’ (Fig. 16.3). The total station is thus capable of measuring angles and distances and even recording the observations electronically in one instrument. Here again the accuracies achieved are within a few centimetres.
A comparison of multi temporal interferometry techniques for landslide susceptibility assessment in urban area: an example on stigliano (MT), a town of Southern of Italy
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2019
Annamaria Vicari, Nicola Angelo Famiglietti, Gerardo Colangelo, Gianpaolo Cecere
Modern RTS can automatically find and track prism targets. RTS are commonly used for the monitoring during tunnel construction and to assess the stability of water dams, landslides, and rock faces (Artese and Perrelli 2018). The instruments are often placed in a measurement chamber and thus protected from adverse environmental conditions. The accuracy of total stations always depends on three components: setup point, measurement path, and measurement target. The setup point includes the instrument itself, the stability of the support, and the objects in the vicinity of the instrument. The measurement path is influenced by the atmospheric conditions, which have an impact on the travel speed of the signal. Furthermore, temperature gradients can cause a curvature of the measurement path. The final critical component is the target. The achievable accuracy depends on the target type, for example, prism or rock, the inclination angle of the measurement path with respect to the target and the target material.
Comparative analysis of mobile laser scanning and terrestrial laser scanning for the indoor mapping
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Abdurahman Yasin Yiğit, Seda Nur Gamze Hamal, Ali Ulvi, Murat Yakar
TLS and WMLS data for indoor mapping are generated in a different local coordinate system. In order to convert the laser scanner data in different local coordinate systems to a reference coordinate system, control points/target measurements of the work areas are required. For this purpose, homogeneous targets were measured in all test areas with the total-station measuring device. In addition, the measurement of edge-corner junctions of the test areas was also made with the same device to generate accurate analysis data. Topcon ES-60 series total-station device was used in the study. This device can measure up to 4000 m outdoors using a standard reflector. The reflectorless mode was used throughout the measurement due to narrow working areas and short-distance measurements. With the Topcon ES-60 total-station measuring device, 3 mm + 2 ppm precision measurements can be made up to 500 m in reflectorless mode. Since the maximum distance between the device and the target marks in the test areas is 5 m, the coordinates were measured with an accuracy of 3.01 mm, and this sensitivity played an active role in the preference of this device. In addition, the obtained data were referenced with an indirect approach. External tie points and observations are required to orient the acquired data to a target coordinate frame. In the case of TLS and WMLS point clouds, indirect referencing is usually accomplished with targets (such as ground control points) specifically designed for this purpose. The locations of these targets are typically measured with conventional measuring instruments, for example, with a total-station. This information is then integrated into the TLS and WMLS point cloud.
Creating Historical Building Models by Deep Fusion of Multi-Source Heterogeneous Data Using Residual 3D Convolutional Neural Network
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
The total station is a combination of a digital theodolite and an electronic distance-measuring device, useful for measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. Data collected and processed in a total station can be downloaded to computers for further processing. A total station can provide more accurate measurement than photogrammetry tools e.g. 3D scanners and UAVs, and it can be used to measure the distance between building reference points or compensate for the missed data in the photogrammetry tools.