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Monitoring structural responses during proof load testing of reinforced concrete bridges: A review
Published in Hiroshi Yokota, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2021
G.I. Zarate Garnica, F. Zhang, Y. Yang, C. van der Veen, E.O.L. Lantsoght, M. Naaktgeboren, S.A.A.M. Fennis
The total station is an equipment that combines the use of an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) with an electronic theodolite. The theodolite measures the vertical and horizontal angle, while the EDM uses electromagnetic energy to measure the slope distance to the target or prism. The EDM sends a light signal which reflects from the prism. The time interval that the light takes to travel is measured and used to calculate the distance. The robotic total stations (RTS) are provided with an automatic target recognition system. The total station needs to be set on stable ground with an unobstructed view to the field targets as reported in Merkle and Myers (2004).
Underground surveying
Published in W. Schofield, M. Breach, Engineering Surveying, 2007
A theodolite is an instrument that enables the user to observe the difference in bearing, i.e. the angle, between two distant stations. Although angles are observed, it is often a bearing (relative to grid north) or azimuth (relative to true north) which is actually required. The suspended gyroscope is a device that may be attached to a theodolite to allow observations of azimuth rather than angle, to be taken, for example, to check an unclosed traverse in mining or tunnelling work.
Maps, drawings and surveying
Published in Malcolm Copson, Peter Kendrick, Steve Beresford, Roadwork, 2019
Malcolm Copson, Peter Kendrick, Steve Beresford
This technique will only be used by a surveyor or engineer, but it is of interest to the roadcraft student. The theodolite is a precision instrument which is capable of measuring horizontal and vertical angles between objects with great accuracy. Theodolites range from basic models which measure angles to 20 seconds to high accuracy versions which read direct to 0.5 and 0.1 second.
Creating Historical Building Models by Deep Fusion of Multi-Source Heterogeneous Data Using Residual 3D Convolutional Neural Network
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
The total station is a combination of a digital theodolite and an electronic distance-measuring device, useful for measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. Data collected and processed in a total station can be downloaded to computers for further processing. A total station can provide more accurate measurement than photogrammetry tools e.g. 3D scanners and UAVs, and it can be used to measure the distance between building reference points or compensate for the missed data in the photogrammetry tools.
Monitoring structural responses during load testing of reinforced concrete bridges: a review
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Gabriela Irene Zarate Garnica, Eva Olivia Leontien Lantsoght, Yuguang Yang
A total station is used to measure the positions or heights of points in a structure. The modern total station is equipment that combines the use of an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) with an electronic theodolite. The total station consists of two parts: the target or prism and the equipment mounted on the tripod provided with a lens to focus on the prism. The robotic total stations (RTS) have an automatic target recognition system, which makes targeting easier and faster (Zeiske, 2004).