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Applications of GNSS
Published in Basudeb Bhatta, Global Navigation Satellite Systems, 2021
Surveyors are frequently asked to undertake construction surveying work, which primarily includes the setting out of features such as buildings and roads as well as infrastructure, such as pipelines. Historically, this work has been undertaken using more conventional survey equipment, e.g., the total station. However, the advantages of static and RTK have been widely recognised for this work. The rapid nature of RTK in particular makes this work efficient and cost reductive (Figures 10.4 and 10.5). Automatic systems for bulldozers/graders use the cut/fill information to drive the hydraulic controls of the machine to automatically move the machine’s blade to grade (Figure 10.4). Use of 3D machine control dramatically reduces the number of survey stakes required on a job site, reducing time and cost.
Electronic Position Fixing Systems
Published in Graham D. Lees, William G. Williamson, Handbook for Marine Radio Communication, 2020
Graham D. Lees, William G. Williamson
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is also known as ‘Navstar’ and is operated by the US Department of Defense (DoD). GPS provides a worldwide continuous positional fix capability, with a constellation of satellites at altitudes of approximately 20,000 km providing two-dimensional fixes (latitude and longitude) for marine users, and three-dimensional fixes (latitude, longitude and altitude) for aeronautical, survey users, etc. As part of an upgrading exercise, there are now 27 operational satellites in the GPS constellation, improving precision of GPS receiver calculations compared to the original number of 24. This increased number gives a non-uniform arrangement that improves reliability and availability, particularly if multiple satellites go out of service. Usually, nine satellites are visible from any point on the ground at any one time, giving redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
There are many applications in surveying that call for the use of directions. Property surveys, geodetic control surveys, transportation corridor (route) surveys, and topographic surveys are but a few. Most applications involving directions utilize plane trigonometry in the solution. Computations involving addition and subtraction of angles, sine and cosine laws, right triangle relationships, and sum of angles in a closed polygon are routinely performed.
ICTs for Accessing, Understanding and Safeguarding Cultural Heritage: The Experience of INCEPTION and ROCK H2020 Projects
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Roberto Di Giulio, Andrea Boeri, Danila Longo, Valentina Gianfrate, Saveria O.M. Boulanger, Chiara Mariotti
This is the perspective of the Digital Day 2019, the last international event promoted by the EU to accelerate digital developments in key areas that can bring tangible benefits to our economies and societies. On the 9 April 2019, as part of the thematic area dedicated to the CH digitisation, 24 European countries signed the Declaration “Cooperation on advancing digitisation of cultural heritage”, which stated: “Emerging technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and extended reality offer numerous possibilities to further process and use digital cultural heritage. 3D technologies are especially promising, providing new ways of advancing scientific understanding, handling and restoring damaged or fragile heritage and ensuring digital preservation that reflects the uniqueness and multidimensionality of our heritage” (Declaration: Cooperation on advancing 2019, 2). As a matter of fact, the development and use of, for example, 3D integrated laser scanner allow to survey rapidly historical buildings and sites by collecting millions of spatial coordinates used for creating 3D models with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The availability of innovative tools, based on 3D models, the Virtual Reality (VR), the Mixed Reality (MR) and the Augmented Reality (AR) open innovative scenarios for CH. 3D models can be used not only for documentation and monitoring purposes but also for digital applications (e.g. virtual tours, virtual tourism, digital reconstructions, etc.) and for creating integrated 3D database useful for diagnostic, conservation and management procedures. In tackling the main challenges related to the so-called “4th industrial revolution” and its impact on heritage, the Declaration highlighted two additional crucial points: the commitment to support the digital transformation of CH institutions and the need to ensure that digitised cultural contents and related applications will be available on appropriate European platforms. In relation to the latter, it is also interesting to stress the effort of economic and business companies to test advanced technologies for supporting the innovative use of digitalised cultural resources, the knowledge extraction and the more engaging experience of heritage contents. The research carried out by Vodafone for the implementation of 5G technology is a case in point: it aims to make available high-quality interlinked data and complex multimodal objects for promoting CH through narratives and immersive experiences using smartphones and tablets (Baggioni 2019).