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Precast segmental bridge construction in seismic zones
Published in Fabio Biondini, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability, 2012
Fabio Biondini, Dan M. Frangopol
Road bridges are planned for a service life of 100 years. They consist of a series of components that are effected in various planned and unplanned ways by traffic loads and the environment. The current standards assume a service life of approx. 50 years for the superstructures and substructures before substantial repair measures are required. The equipment and minor parts of the structure show lower life spans, depending on the implementation. The extent of damage to the elements of a bridge may vary in intensity as a result of the specific load situation and the realized quality of construction.
Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution
Published in Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, 2019
Note that in this chapter, superstructure refers to the deck, beams or truss elements, and any other appurtenances above the bridge soffit. Substructure refers to those components that support loads from the superstructure and transfer load to the ground, such as bent caps, columns, pier walls, footings, piles, pile extensions, and caissons. Longitudinal refers to the axis parallel to the direction of traffic. Transverse refers to the axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Introduction
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
You also need to become familiar with some of the key terms that are used by construction designers and contractors. They include elements of construction, materials and components. Element of construction (or element) – This is the term used to describe the basic units with which a building is formed, such as the walls, the floors and the roof. A simple building such as a garage will have six elements – four external walls, the ground floor and the roof. A building of complex design will have many more elements, e.g. external and internal walls, several floors, a number of different roofs. The elements are carefully fitted together so that, in principle, walls provide support to each other as well as to the upper floors and the roofs above.Material – Each element is formed from one or more materials. An example of an element is a wall and this may be solid or have two skins with a cavity between. The wall may be formed from one or more materials, e.g. each skin of a cavity wall can be formed from different materials with the outer skin of brick and the inner skin of concrete blocks.Components – The wall may have one or more components built into it, e.g. a window or a door. Internal fittings, such as kitchen units, baths or wash-hand basins and the like, are also components.Substructure – Buildings have above and below ground construction. That part of the construction below ground is known as the substructure.Superstructure – All of the construction above ground level is called the superstructure.
The impact of Jin Mao Tower on life-cycle civil engineering of tall buildings
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
The superstructure consists of conventionally reinforced concrete slabs, beams, girders, columns, and shear walls. The superstructure is designed considering earthquake and wind load requirements for Beijing in addition to gravity loads. The structure is a Super High-Rise structure exceeding the typical height limitations for the lateral system type. The reinforced concrete screen frames introduced into the structure were conceived from interpreting the architectural, developing multi-bar, multi-story mega-frames and infilling these frames with geometrically eccentric screen frame panels. The screen frames are located outside of the exterior wall system and are expressed. The screens also act as sun shading devices to control heat gain within the tower during the summer months. The screen frames were optimized to have similar stiffness to conventional frames located on opposite facades. The screen frames, as well as the conventional frames, incorporate the latest advances in ductile detailing to resist seismic loading. In addition, the stiffening panels are designed to essentially resist lateral loads only (with some building live load). Therefore, critical joints are left open during construction and then grouted before placement of the exterior wall system. This allows for most of the creep, shrinkage, and elastic shortening to occur in mega-frame elements only prior to engaging the stiffening frames.
Initial cost forecasting model of mid-rise green office buildings
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2020
where: Substructure: Basement excavation and walls, foundations, and slab on grade.Superstructure: Roof construction, floor construction, exterior walls, etc.Services: Plumbing fixtures, elevators and lifts, water drainage, water distribution, etc.Interiors: Floor finishes, partitions, ceiling finishes, wall finishes, fittings, etc.Equipment: Institutional equipment, HVAC, and other equipment.Architecture fees: Planning, design, supervision, specifications and drawings, etc.Contractor fees: Direct and indirect costs, general conditions, profits and contingency, etc.
Probabilistic Seismic Performance Analysis of RC Bridges
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020
Araliya Mosleh, Jose Jara, Mehran S. Razzaghi, Humberto Varum
Depending on the superstructure type, the bridges are classified into different categories [Avsar et al., 2011; Choi et al., 2004; FEMA, 2003; Nielson and DesRoches, 2007b]. Figure 2 shows a 3D graph of the superstructure types and span lengths. The superstructure types are: slabs, I girders and box girders. Slab bridges are usually short single-span bridges supported on massive masonry abutments. Additionally, these bridges are usually low-rise structures with low seismic vulnerability comparing to other two type of structures. Furthermore, their rehabilitation time and cost in case of damage or failure are smaller than the required time and cost for long-span bridges. Hence, the analyses exclude the first type of superstructure. The other two types are simply supported superstructures. The statistical analyses displayed in Figures 1 and 2 allow selecting the geometric parameters displayed in Table 2. Table 3 presents details of the selected RC bridges in terms of column height, column cross-section, and longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.