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Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution
Published in Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, 2019
Note that in this chapter, superstructure refers to the deck, beams or truss elements, and any other appurtenances above the bridge soffit. Substructure refers to those components that support loads from the superstructure and transfer load to the ground, such as bent caps, columns, pier walls, footings, piles, pile extensions, and caissons. Longitudinal refers to the axis parallel to the direction of traffic. Transverse refers to the axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
System housing: timber frame
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
It would seem logical to use suspended timber floor construction for the ground floor but, in practice, most developers use a solid concrete floor or, increasingly, a suspended beam and block flooring system. The nature of the substructure depends on the ground conditions and the building load. Traditional strip foundations, often of trench fill, are the norm for timber frame houses.
Bearing capacity of semi-deep skirted foundations on clay using stress characteristics and finite element analyses
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2018
Substructures are, generally, classified into shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations transmit structural loads to the bearing soil strata at a relatively small depth (Df), compared to foundation width (B). With rapid growth of urban areas, bridges, marine structures, high rise buildings, and towers, there is an excessive dependence on deep foundations (D/B ≥ 10) for construction of infrastructures. This is mainly because of lack of confidence in other foundation types. Meanwhile, piles are the most widely used option in heavy, tall, and important structures. However, the construction equipment, cost, installation time, and environmental problems related to drilled shafts and pile driving restrict the wide application of deep foundations (Elhakim 2005).