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Spatial Measures and Instruments for Flood Risk Reduction in Selected EU Countries – A Quick Scan -
Published in A. Szöllösi-Nagy, C. Zevenbergen, Urban Flood Management, 2018
Willem Oosterberg, Jasper Fiselier
– In Germany, many communities (e.g., Berlin) have introduced a stormwater fee for discharging stormwater into the sewage system, while simultaneously reducing the sewage fee based on drinking water consumption. The introduction of this system, which is called a “split fee” is a rather complicated task. The sealed area must be surveyed by areal photos, the degree of connection must be estimated and a database with all the information including the addresses of the owners must be constructed. The process is usually accompanied by a lot of information (web, letters, public hearings, etc.) and also legal procedures (changing the local by-laws). Due to the “split fee”, the awareness of private and commercial property owners for stormwater issues is increasing.
Urban water trading – hybrid water systems and niche opportunities in the urban water market – a literature review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2019
Mario Schmack, Martin Anda, Stewart Dallas, Roberta Fornarelli
Another potential avenue for water trading is via developing private markets for green stormwater infrastructure as demonstrated in Philadelphia. A key prerequisite for this system is by implementing a stormwater billing system that charges non-residential customers a monthly stormwater fee based on the impervious area on their parcel [120]. Substantial fee discounts are offered to owners who reduce impervious areas or manage runoff onsite through the adoption of infiltrating green infrastructure (GI). This leads to ongoing operating savings to non-residential property owners in the form of reduced stormwater bills, beyond the pay-off period of GI retrofits. Dougherty, Hammer [121] outline how the requirement for on-site stormwater retention as a condition of construction permit approval could develop into a stormwater credit trading platform. In order to fulfil these requirements, property owners who cannot comply by building all needed stormwater GI on their land, can meet a part of their requirements by buying stormwater credits from their peers. The authors suggest that due to their flexibility credit trading programmes can create equal or better water quality outcomes than a simple on-site retention requirement.