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Masonry façades in Australia and challenges for engineering researchand design
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
For a masonry veneer wall system (Figure 2a), the stud framing (timber or steel) provides lateral support to the external leaf of masonry (veneer) which is supported on a footing beam or shelf angle at its base and is laterally supported by wall ties attached to the stud frame. The veneer does not support any vertical loads other than its own self weight and it is laterally supported only by the wall ties. The ties themselves are typically fabricated from galvanised or stainless steel (Figure 2c). The ties are attached to the masonry (typically spaced at up to 600 mm centres horizontally and vertically) by being built into the mortar bed joints as the masonry is constructed and are screw or nail fixed to the stud framing. The function of the ties is to transfer compressive and tensile axial forces across the cavity from the masonry veneer to the internal stud frame when the wall is subjected to wind, seismic or other out-of-plane lateral loading. The masonry cavity wall system functions in a similar fashion to the masonry veneer system described above, with the role of the stud framing being replaced by a second (interior) leaf of masonry (Figure 2b). In the cavity wall system, the interior masonry leaf provides the loadbearing role and the exterior masonry leaf acts as a veneer.
Masonry
Published in Fiona Cobb, Structural Engineer’s Pocket Book, 2020
Vertical joints are required in cavity walls every 9m or three storeys for buildings over 12 m or four storeys. This vertical spacing can be increased if special precautions are taken to limit the differential movements caused by the shrinkage of the internal block and the expansion of the external brick. The joint is typically created by supporting the external skin on a proprietary stainless steel shelf angle fixed back to the internal structure. Normally 1 mm of joint width is allowed for each metre of masonry (with a minimum of 10 mm) between the top of the masonry and underside of the shelf angle support.
Miscellaneous steel
Published in Gary Anglin, Introduction to Estimating, Plan Reading and Construction Techniques, 2019
The steel subcontractor often provides misc. steel to other trades. These “furnished only” items might include connection plates given to the concrete subcontractor to be embedded in concrete for attachment to a steel beam. Or, a piece of misc. steel called a shelf angle might be furnished to the brick mason to support brick above a door or window opening. The connection plates should appear on structural plans; the shelf angle may only appear on architectural sheets.
An efficient approach for thermal design of masonry walls using design charts and R-value multipliers
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2022
Maysoun Ismaiel, Lindsey Westover, Yuxiang Chen
Regarding the intermediate floor configurations, four types of shelf angles were studied (directly attached large angle, bracket, knife plate, and hollow structural section HSS) and two shelf angle materials were considered; galvanized steel and stainless steel. Results showed that the galvanized steel for the directly attached shelf angle with solid galvanized steel block ties has the lowest R-value. The stainless steel directly attached large shelf angle has a higher average R-value by 30%, and the bracket galvanized and stainless-steel shelf angles have higher average R-values by 18% and 47%, respectively. The knife plate galvanized and stainless-steel shelf angles have higher overall average R-values by 28% and 63%, respectively. The hollow section tube HSS galvanized and stainless-steel shelf angles have higher overall average R-values by 32% and 58%, respectively, if compared to the directly attached large galvanized steel shelf angle.