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Application of a composite strengthening technique in steel bridge rehabilitation
Published in Hiroshi Yokota, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2021
Steel bridges are widely built in the world in different structural forms with different span lengths, such as plate girder bridges, truss bridges, and a large amount of long span bridges like cable stayed or suspension bridges. The main advantages of structural steel over other construction materials are its high strength, better ductility, reusability, easy fabrication, and rapid construction. It has a much higher strength in both tension and compression than concrete, and relatively good strength to cost ratio and stiffness to weight ratio. Steel is a versatile and effective material that provides efficient and sustainable solutions for bridge construction, particularly for long span bridges or bridges requiring enhanced seismic performance (Lin and Yoda, 2017). With aging, however, material deteriorations of structural steel including corrosion, fatigue, brittle fracture due to very low service temperature, and large deformation etc., are likely to happen in steel structures. Therefore, member damage or fracture may occur in service and extreme conditions, which can significantly affect the serviceability, the durability, or even the safety of steel bridges.
Steels
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
There are enormous numbers of structures constructed using steel; one is shown in Figure 9.1. Many items manufactured from iron in the past are now being manufactured of steel. Structural steel is widely used in the United States for the construction of different types of building structures, from low-rise buildings to high-rise buildings, bridges, reinforcing bars, floors, arches, railways, trains, cables, machines, vehicles, and so on.
Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor Barriers
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Most structural steel, used in all forms of construction, is comprised of carbon steel, painted with a rust protective coating. While welded carbon steel fumes are minimally toxic, the protective coatings are often overlooked by many contractors. Protective coatings for steel may be comprised not only of lead, but hexavalent chromium—both highly toxic components that can become problematic during welding/torch cutting processes. Do not fall into the trap that lead-based paint has been banned from use in all instances within the United States and other countries! There are no bans on lead-based paint on structural steel within the United States. Although they have strayed from its use, many manufacturers are substituting nontoxic pigments (e.g., iron oxide) instead of lead and/or lead chromate. This is not to say that “all” U.S. manufactures have opted not to use the more durable, yet more toxic, coatings. Foreign manufacturers—China, India, and other countries—are most likely to use lead coatings. And there is a high likelihood that most of the older structural steel coatings contain lead and/or lead chromate. Caution is advised when welding and torch cutting all structural steel—old and new. You would be well advised to research protective coating components of new and/or used structural steel.
Replaceable Rotational Viscoelastic Dampers for Improving Structural Damping and Resilience of Steel Frames
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Zhan Shu, Zhaozhuo Gan, Cheng Fang, Gregory MacRae, Hanlin Dong, Yazhou Xie
Structural steel frame is a major structural type which demonstrates many advantages such as good ductility, reduced time of construction, and good compatibility with other systems (e.g., core-wall) and constructional materials (e.g., concrete and timber) (Li et al. 2018; Lignos, Moreno, and Billington 2014). The energy dissipation capacity of a steel frame is usually provided by the ductile yielding behavior of the steel members. This also means that very limited system damping is provided unless plastic deformation occurs. Reinoso and Miranda (2005) analyzed six tall buildings located in California and found that the lower bound damping ratio of the steel buildings is only 0.5% due to small deformations. Furthermore, the inherent damping of a steel structure decreases further when the structural height increases (Cruz and Miranda 2017). The structural damping of steel frames is therefore rather inconsistent compared with the 4 to 6% damping ratio that is usually considered in reinforced concrete structures before yielding occurs.
Experimental investigations on pre-tensioned hybrid joints for structural steel applications
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2023
Christian Denkert, Thomas Gerke, Ralf Glienke, Maik Dörre, Michael Knuth Henkel, Holger Fricke, Sebastian Myslicki, Marvin Kaufmann, Morten Voß, Till Vallée
For structural steel applications, additional complexity arises from the fact that for reasons of durability, almost all steel surfaces are coated in some way, either in the form of galvanised zinc coatings,[35,36] or polymeric coatings,[37–39] which introduces an additional potential failure layer. Bonding on galvanised zinc coating requires special attention and is additionally dependent upon the specifics of the galvanisation process; e.g. significant differences were observed between “hot-dipped”[40] and “electroplated”[41] substrates. Bonding strength on organic coatings is very often limited by the capacity of the coating on the steel substrate,[42,43] which results in significant strength reduction, if compared to bonding on the uncoated “naked” steel surface.
The effect of size and distribution of inert pigment on the performance of organic coatings
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2021
A. Królikowska, L. Komorowski, P. L. Bonora
If a paint is used to reproduce reality as an object of art, or to give a decent aspect to a building or actually to protect a structure against degradation, both durability and reliability are of concern. In particular, protecting coatings for structural steel are formulated and applied in billions of square metres with the aim of avoiding or at least delaying both aesthetic and corrosion degradation, providing a predictable long service life to bridges, plants, skyscrapers, cars, etc.