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Published in Les Goring, Residential Surveying Matters and Building Terminology, 2023
Structural walls: This term can apply to the interior walls of a building, as well as the exterior walls. So, regardless of the thickness of interior walls and whether they are built with brickwork, blockwork, timber- or metal-studs – they must only be determined as load-bearing walls by whether they carry an additional load apart from their own weight. Note that such additional loads require careful checking on the floors (or in the roof-voids) above.
Planning of Construction of Metro Station below the heavily built up area in Delhi.
Published in T. Adachi, K. Tateyama, M. Kimura, Modern Tunneling Science and Technology, 2020
The survey work involved approximately 1200 buildings. In general almost all the buildings in this area showed one sign of distress or the other. Most of the buildings have brick masonry structure with 1 to 1.5m deep spread footings as foundations. Roof slabs mostly consist of stone slabs supported on wooden beams. However, in several buildings these were replaced by T-Section concrete beams. Although the buildings were originally designed for one or two floors, additional floors have been added to most buildings. These additional upper floors project beyond the lower floors with projected portions supported on steel columns. In several cases, load bearing walls have been removed or reduced in thickness resulting in redistribution of stresses. A common sight in this area is of deteriorating wooden beams in the roof slabs, resulting in sagging floors and a lot of buildings having dampness. The most common types of defects observed were cracking of masonry, bulging of walls and excessive settlements.
Pre-Condition Survey and Monitoring of the Structures Likely to be Affected During Tunnelling of Delhi Metro
Published in S.P. Kaushish, T. Ramamurthy, Tunnelling Asia’2000, 2020
In general almost all the buildings in this area showed one sign of distress or the other. Most of the buildings had brick masonry structure with 1 to 1.5 m deep spread footings as foundations. Roof slabs mostly consists of stone slabs supported on wooden beams however in several buildings these were replaced by T-Section concrete beams. Although the buildings were originally designed for one or two floors, more floors have been added to most buildings and often these new upper floors project beyond the lower floors with projected portions supported on columns. In several cases, load-bearing walls have been removed or reduced in thickness resulting in redistribution of stresses. A common site in the area is of deteriorating wooden beams in the roof slabs resulting in sagging floors and a lot of buildings also have dampness. The most common types of defects, because of these reasons, observed are as follows :
Lateral Strength of Traditional Adobe Walls Affected by Moisture: A Numerical Parametric Study
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Umaima Al Aqtash, Paola Bandini, Sonya L. Cooper
Adobe masonry is a traditional construction method used around the world. In the southwestern United States, adobe is found in traditional and contemporary construction as well as in many landmarks and monuments of historic significance such as Spanish missions, churches, trading posts, and houses. Adobe walls have significant thickness and mass-to-volume ratio. They are designed as load-bearing walls because they are effective in carrying gravitational loads, such as dead loads and static live loads. Adobe walls depend on their relatively large thickness and low slenderness ratio for stability against lateral loads (Al Aqtash and Bandini 2020). Unfortunately, adobe buildings perform poorly during natural hazards such as earthquakes and hurricanes due to their low tensile strength and considerable mass (e.g., Blondet, Vargas, and Tarque 2008; Dowling 2004; Matta, Cuéllar-Azcárate, and Garbin 2015; Tolles, Kimbro, and Ginell 2002; Varum et al. 2014; Webster and Tolles 2000). Moreover, adobe buildings in areas with high water table, wet climate, poor surface drainage, or within flood zones are susceptible to progressive material deterioration, wall cracking, coving, or bulging caused by the penetration of water into the walls (NPS 2019; Rainer 2008). Entrapped moisture within adobe walls has a detrimental effect and can reduce the compressive and shear strengths of the adobe bricks and mud mortar (Al Aqtash and Bandini 2015; Clifton and Davis 1979; Martins, Fernández, and Varum 2019; Wosick et al. 2014) and, consequently, may compromise the ability of adobe masonry walls to resist structural and environmental loads.