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Sanitation in Drought
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity, 2017
The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes, or sea. Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts, or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows, that is, more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless they pretreat their discharges. Pretreatment of discharges is currently an environment-compliant requirement for industries by most regulatory agencies [31].
The New Symbiotic Architecture
Published in Kyoung Hee Kim, Microalgae Building Enclosures, 2022
The use of traditional systems for the treatment of wastewater is very expensive and requires intensive energy in terms of operation and investment. Surface runoff exceeds treatment capacity resulting in sanitary sewer overflows. Examples of sanitary sewer overflow causes are blockage or broken sewer lines or excessive storm water into sewer lines. Wastewater from the building sector contains large concentrations of water contaminants such as organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements including carbon, calcium, potassium, and iron. The wastewater needs to be treated before being discharged into waterbodies to avoid damaging the water’s ecosystem. Wastewater treatment technology includes chemical treatment, biological treatment, and electrocoagulation.
Other Leak Detection Technologies
Published in Justin Starr, Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies, 2021
While the previous chapter presented an introduction to the need for leak detection and an overview of acoustic technologies, there are many other systems available for detecting and quantifying leaks in pipelines. While these approaches do not have the market penetration of acoustic technologies, they can often accomplish similar results at a much lower cost. Further, some of these techniques specialize in sanitary sewers, where by detecting leaks of flow out of the host pipeline, they can also identify major sources of infiltration and inflow. Leak detection in these systems can be key to reducing and eliminating combined and sanitary sewer overflows (CSOs and SSOs, respectively).
Modeling the uncertainty of potential impacts on Robust Stormwater Management from neighborhood-scale impervious cover change: a case study of population-based scenarios in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Michael T. Wilson, Jordan R. Fischbach, Kyle Siler-Evans, Devin Tierney
Across the country, there are 772 communities whose infrastructure combines wastewater and stormwater drainage (American Society of Civil Engineers 2017). Retrofits, treatment plants, and other nitrogen and phosphorous removal efforts have improved effluent quality, but in some regions the collection system may still operate much as it did a century ago (Metcalf and Eddy 1914; Burian et al. 2000; 3 Rivers Wet Weather 2016). Excessive precipitation can overwhelm the capacity of aging pipe networks, resulting in discharges polluting rivers, lakes, and harbors with diluted yet untreated sewage and other contaminants, resulting in a combined sewer overflow (CSO). In some places, infiltration and inflow from wet weather may force raw sewage out of the wastewater system, resulting in a sanitary sewer overflow (SSO). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) estimates that 23,000–75,000 of both these types of sewer overflow events occur each year (American Society of Civil Engineers 2017). Whereas in Europe CSOs are typically regulated and controlled to operate under certain levels, to meet water quality standards under the Clean Water Act, the United States may need to invest 48 USD billion annually to prevent CSOs and SSOs and another 19.2 USD billion annually to control and eliminate polluted runoff (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2016).
Assessment and pathway determination for rainfall-derived inflow and infiltration in sanitary systems: a case study
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2019
Peiying Tan, Yongchao Zhou, Yiping Zhang, David Z. Zhu, Tuqiao Zhang
Urban sewer systems are essential infrastructure in modern cities that convey sewage or surface runoff using sewers, which are capital intensive and usually-aging structures. During their lifetime, from their construction to their replacement, they are liable to cracks and misconnections (Lepot, Makris, and Clemens 2017), which can lead to inflow/infiltration (I/I) in the sewer. Especially in separate sewer systems, there is a risk that wastewater from illicit connections may enter a stormwater sewer and ultimately outfall into receiving waters (Montoya 1987). Illicit and/or inappropriate entries to the stormwater sewer system can account for a significant amount of pollution discharge (Xu, Wang, and Yin 2016; Hajj-Mohamad et al. 2017; Yin et al. 2017; Panasiuk et al. 2015, 2016). On the other hand, stormwater entering sanitary sewers from inappropriate connections can also cause various problems, such as dilution in sanitary flows and decreased treatment efficiency, and may even pose a threat to the operation of wastewater treatment plants. Stormwater inflow may cause sewage volumes to exceed design capacity, leading to sewer surcharge and, during wet-weather events, sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) from the lowest street manholes or emergency outlets of the systems. Therefore, it is necessary to study and assess the I/I process to solve the problems associated with the operation and management of sewer systems.