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Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
High temperature infrared radiant heaters utilize a gas flame to produce a high-temperature (over 500°F, 260°C) source of radiant energy. The types of infrared heaters include metal sheath and quartz lamp. The heat is distributed through tubes throughout the space. Although they do not respond rapidly to changes in heating requirements, they are effectively used in areas with significant intrusions of cold outside air. The radiant heating warms room surfaces and physical objects in the space, and thermal comfort returns within minutes of an influx of cold air. These systems have an added advantage of being able to maintain thermal comfort at lower space temperatures, making them very efficient for spot or partial heating of an occupied space. Conversion to infrared radiant heating in high-bay areas such as aircraft hangars, garages, and warehouses spaces is usually an attractive ECO.
Energy Efficient Heating
Published in Clive Beggs, Energy: Management, Supply and Conservation, 2010
Radiant heating is particularly well suited to applications in which occupancy is very intermittent and in which the occupants are located in relatively fixed positions. A church building is a classic example of such an application. Such a building is occupied for a relatively short period in every week. Because radiant heating systems react very quickly and warm the occupants rather than the air, they can achieve a good comfort level without any preheating of the building. For this and the other reasons mentioned, radiant heating systems are generally considered to incur lower capital costs and lower operating costs than other comparable systems [13].
Automatic Control Strategies
Published in Steve Doty, Commercial Energy Auditing, 2020
In buildings where there are no internal heat gains, all heating load is from envelope and ventilation, and can be easily estimated from differential temperatures. Obviously few buildings fit this description. A more flexible approach can be used for many buildings as long as the internal gains follow a steady pattern of use throughout the year. For each building there is a normal indoor temperature, a balance point (below which heating is needed), and a maximum heating load that occurs at the coldest day of the season. All these work together to form the heat load ‘signature’ of that building. For steady internal loads, the heating energy used is proportional between zero (when internal loads equal envelope losses) and maximum (on the coldest day). With the heat turned completely off, the building temperature will stabilize at some value which is the balance temperature, but this can be ignored as long as the internal loads are consistent. Whatever the balance temperature is, it is, and raising or lowering the indoor temperature will alter the differential temperature and heating energy use proportionally. The “percent change” argument can be used for ECMs such as: Lowering winter heating set point, through standardized control settings.Radiant heating, when it can be shown that comparable comfort is achieved with reduced indoor air temperature.De-stratification measures, where it can be shown that the average indoor temperature is reduced.
Characterization of PFAS air emissions from thermal application of fluoropolymer dispersions on fabrics
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Lindsay C. Wickersham, James M. Mattila, Jonathan D. Krug, Stephen R. Jackson, M. Ariel Geer Wallace, Erin P. Shields, Hannah Halliday, Emily Y. Li, Hannah K. Liberatore, Stanley (Mac) Farrior, William Preston, Jeffrey V. Ryan, Chun-Wai Lee, William P. Linak
Furnaces used to heat treat the fabric often use infrared elements to provide radiant heat to the coated surfaces (McKeen 2006). Compared to convective heat transfer, radiant heating provides advantages of improved thermal efficiency as more energy is directed via radiation to the coated surface, and less is used to heat the gases within the furnaces. While peak temperatures are controlled to avoid significant thermal degradation of the product, PTFE has been shown to degrade at temperatures within the temperature range of the top furnace (360–400°C) (Conesa and Font 2001; Ellis et al. 2001; Lewis and Naylor 1947). When dispersion-coated fabric is heat treated, vaporization of water, surfactants, PPAs, and other volatile additives occurs by design, but this also suggests that portions of the fluoropolymer may also be degraded and vaporized depending on the processing conditions and composition of the dispersion (Ellis et al. 2001, 2003; Lewis and Naylor 1947; McKeen 2006; Schlummer et al. 2015).
Indoor thermal environment and air distribution in a floor-ceiling heating room with mixing or displacement ventilation
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2019
Xiaozhou Wu, Jie Gao, Haichao Wang, Lei Fang, Bjarne W. Olesen
A radiant heating system integrated with a mechanical ventilation system, which is regarded as an advanced heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, has been applied in many residential and non-residential buildings (Watson and Chapman 2002; Rhee and Kim 2015; Rhee et al. 2017). The radiant heating system can not only improve the indoor thermal environment quality but also use the low-temperature heat sources to increase energy system efficiency (Olesen 2002; Babiak et al. 2009; Bean et al. 2010). The mechanical ventilation system contributes to supplying fresh air to improve indoor air quality and reduce occupants’ health problems (Wargocki et al. 2000; Cao et al. 2016; Cao et al. 2017; Deng et al. 2018).
Indoor environmental conditions in vernacular dwellings in Alentejo, Portugal
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2022
Inês Costa-CarrapiçO, Javier Neila González, Rokia Raslan
The thermal inertia’s impact on the indoor environment was distinctly observed in both categories. Yet, the radiant heat linked to wood-burning stoves keeps Tas stable at their peak for up to 2 h. The results suggest that radiant heating systems provided more comfortable indoor temperatures, thus contributing more significantly to the thermal comfort of the occupants than convection ones, i.e. electric oil heating. Despite its efficiency, this traditional heating technique was nearly abandoned due to safety and maintenance concerns (Figure 10).