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Lasers in Medicine: Healing with Light
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
The light employed in laser surgery does damage because it transfers energy by absorption or scattering to human tissues. Each photon carries energy that can be converted into other forms of energy, such as chemical bond energy. Although energy can be transformed between different types (kinetic energy – energy of motion – chemical bond energy, light energy, etc.), energy cannot be destroyed or created from nothing, a fundamental principle referred to as the conservation of energy. The most common energy transformation in laser surgery involves heating tissue through the absorption of photon energy. Atoms are in constant random motion in gaseous and liquid materials, and they are vibrating around their equilibrium positions in solids. The temperature of the material characterizes the average energy of this motion, and the total energy due to this motion is called the material's thermal energy. The energy carried by light is most often converted into thermal energy of the molecules of the tissue being illuminated; this energy input thus raises the material's temperature. Energy transfers that change the thermal energy of a material are called heat. Thus, the transfer of energy from photons of light can also result in the heating of tissue. For example, heat lamps work by providing infrared radiation that is efficiently absorbed by our tissue as heat. On a clear day this effect is quite evident in the heat we feel from sunlight.
Influences of moisture on adsorption and desorption of methane on gas shales
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
The analysis of oxygenic functional groups of shales was performed on EQUINOX 55 FTIR spectrometry. Approximately 5 mg of shale sample was mixed and ground completely with 500 mg of dry spectroscopically pure potassium bromide (KBr) in an agate mortar. Subsequently, 500 mg of dry KBr was added and the final mixture was ground again for 30 min. To prevent the intrusion of moisture contained in the air, the grinding process was performed under the radiation with the infrared heat lamp. Finally, the mixture was molded into a disc and undergone the FTIR scan. The FTIR analysis of each shale sample was recorded within the range between 4000 and 400 cm−1. In this study, the background spectrum was obtained from KBr, and the number and resolution of scan are set as 32 and 4 cm−1, respectively.
Particle coating with composite shell in a pan granulator
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Andrey A. Lipin, Alexandr G. Lipin
The coating experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale setup, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 2. The main apparatus of this setup is a pan granulator. The pan was made of a cylindrical stainless steel bowl of 220 mm diameter and 50 mm depth. The driving mechanism of the granulator provided a smooth control of the pan speed from 30 to 70 rpm. The pan could be tilted at 30° to 75° from the horizontal axis. A combination of peristaltic pump 7, and a disk atomizer 8 was used as the spray system for the binder solution. The heat supply to ensure the evaporation of moisture from the forming shell was provided by an infrared heater 9. The 250-W heat lamp was used as an infrared heater and operated at 300 °C.