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Overview of GNSS
Published in Basudeb Bhatta, Global Navigation Satellite Systems, 2021
Positioning is a process used to determine the location of one position relative to other defined positions. Obtaining locations in real-time, (i.e., with no delay between appearance in a location and availability of positional information about the very same location) is known as real-time positioning. The word positioning, in the GNSS community, is commonly used to refer to ‘finding the position’ rather than ‘getting into the position’. Therefore, positioning may include not just the location, but also the bearing (direction) of the positioned object. A positioning system determines the location of an object in space, thus, also referred to as spatial positioning. Spatial means ‘having to do with space’, or ‘related to space’. Since GNSS deals with positioning in a geographic sense or in terms of geographic coordinates, the word ‘positioning’ is also referred to as geospatial positioning.
Space Law Issues
Published in Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne, Frontiers of Aerospace Law, 2017
The pivotal point of the FANS programme, and its proper initiator into the actual use of space technology was the 10th Air Navigation Conference of ICAO, held in 1991. Representatives of 85 nations confirmed at this conference that future air navigation systems would extensively use satellites, plunging the civil aviation world into the regime of outer space. It was recognized at this conference that FANS would develop into a worldwide evolution of communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) techniques in a largely satellite-based air traffic management (ATM) system.50 The global CNS/ATM system is designed to facilitate air navigation throughout a unified airspace, and is particularly considered to help Third World air navigation.51 The new technologies are considered generally easier to operate and maintain than the old technologies, involving minimal training expenditure. In the developed world, both the current United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) are well advanced to accommodate the Global Navigation Satellites System (GNSS). Both countries were expected to have full operational configuration of satellites in orbit by 1995 (which goal was attained), probably on a combined GLONASS/GPS basis to fit in with the GNSS concept.52
Technologies
Published in Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague, Domesticating Drones, 2016
Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague
The Global Positioning System (GPS) allows a GPS receiver to determine its position in space and to calculate its direction and speed of movement by receiving time-coded signals from at least four specially designed GPS satellites in orbit. By calculating the time it takes a signal from a particular satellite to reach the receiver, the receiver can calculate its distance from that satellite. By knowing its distance from each satellite, it uses trigonometry to calculate its position, a process known as trilateration. Applying Newtonian equations of motion and differential and integral calculus, it can determine speed and direction of the receiver’s movement. GPS is a mainstay of aircraft navigation, and is scheduled to replace most ground-based aerial navigation facilities by 2020. Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) like WAAS in the United States, improve GPS accuracy by sending updates on satellite signal errors from ground stations. WAAS GPS systems designed for aviation achieve 50 ft lateral and 13 ft vertical accuracy required for Category I precision landing approaches. Typical WAAS accuracy for North America is approximately 3 ft.
Development of a walking aid with remote electrocardiogram measurement and global positioning system function
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Hsi-Chiang Chou, Chun-Yen Huang
GPS is a commonly used positioning system. In this study, we employed a GY_GPS6MV2 that included an active antenna to be our GPS module. The transmission interface was a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), and the data transmission rate was 9600 baud. To display anchor points in Google Maps, NMEA-0183 GPGLL format was used (Jain, Noorani, and Badole 2013). Regardless of cold or warm startup, the time length for initial search and position required by the module is 26 seconds. On the other hand, the required time length for the Aided Start, which means sending the information of time and location through the communication network to the system receiver, is 1 second. Because GPS data are received passively, meaning the data is processed after being sent by the GPS module, it is unnecessary to obtain the positioning data too frequently, one sample per second was recorded. Figure 7 illustrates the GPS data acquisition procedure.