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Quantum Quagmire: Dead End for Energy Miracles
Published in H. B. Glushakow, Energy Miracles, 2022
Incontrovertible evidence to disprove the assertion that the speed of light traveling through free space never changes comes from a Danish physicist leading a combined team from Harvard University and the Rowland Institute of Science that succeeded in slowing a beam of light from 300 million m/s down to just 17 m/s simply by lowering its temperature.77 The irony here is that the authors did not notice that their findings contradicted the immutability of Einstein’s speed of light. Why? Because “their test wasn’t done in a vacuum—it was done in a laboratory.” Yes, but does not it follow that the severe temperatures of interstellar space would have a similar effect on light’s speed? When the speed of light is measured, it is measured traveling through space. The average estimated temperature in space is −270.15°C, just a few degrees shy of the absolute zero point where all activity and motion cease. That is the exact temperature that was used in the aforementioned Danish and Harvard lab experiment, which was proven to so drastically reduce the speed of light.
What is project management?
Published in John M. Nicholas, Herman Steyn, Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology, 2020
John M. Nicholas, Herman Steyn
In April of 2003, SpaceShipOne (SS1) and its mother ship White Knight were rolled out to the public. Simultaneously it was announced that SS1 was entering the $10 million X-Prize competition against 23 other teams from seven countries to be the first manned vehicle to successfully make two trips into space in less than 2 weeks (Figure 1.2). Space is internationally recognized as beginning at 100 km, or about 62 miles (commercial jets fly at about 8 km). The brainchild of celebrated aerospace engineer Burt Rutan and the culmination of almost 8 years of design and development work, it was but the first step in Rutan’s broader dream to build vehicles to carry paying passengers into space. Rutan’s major challenge was not just winning the prize but designing and building a complete space launch system—spacecraft, aerial launch vehicle, rocket motor, and all support subsystems—without having many hundreds of engineers and many millions of dollars in government support to do it. Rutan would try to do it with his own company of 130 people, a handful of subcontractors, and $25 million from billionaire Paul Allen, cofounder of Microsoft.
The View from Space
Published in Dawna L. Rhoades, Evolution of International Aviation, 2016
The International Space Station (ISS) is a cooperative program between various national space agencies with each country contributing and operating different modules on the ISS. The current members of the ISS program are the US (NASA), Europe (ESA), Russia (Russian Federal Space Agency), Canada (CSA), and Japan (JAXA). The ISS presented several challenges. The first was integrating hardware produced through different engineering approaches and built by different manufacturing processes (Stockman, Boyle, and Bacon, 2009). The second challenge was a legal one and was resolved with the Intergovernmental Agreement signed in January 1998. The agreement established each partner’s rights and responsibilities in addition to guaranteeing that new inventions would be registered in the country of their discoverer. Modules launches were conducted with the Space Shuttle and Soyuz rocket then assembly occurred in space over the course of 125 flights (Stockman, Boyle, and Bacon, 2009). Table 7.2 outlines the contribution of each partner to the ISS. In addition to the many science experiments conducted on the ISS, the station has hosted the first space tourists who have traveled courtesy of the Russian Space Agency, Roscosmos.
Mechanical and electromagnetic shielding behaviours of thermoplastic conductive composite: influence of yarn structure and process variables
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Vivek Prasad Shaw, Krishnasamy Jagatheesan, Alagirusamy Ramasamy
In recent decades, electromagnetic waves are mainly used for transmitting signals over long distances in free space under controlled condition. Despite the transmission of electromagnetic signals occurs in controlled conditions, it may produce interference with other electronic devices that adversely affects their performance. The electromagnetic interference could occur with most of the electronic and electrical devices like computer circuits, radio transmitters, electric motors and many other devices. The exposure of such radiation to the human body for longer time is also harmful. During exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation, the cells and veins within high-risk organs of the human body are weakened and easily damaged due to heat. Hence, there is a need to develop suitable barrier material which can act as a shield and minimize the effects of electromagnetic radiation. However, shielding of EM waves is difficult due to its smaller size at higher frequencies. Hence, the selection of material for arresting the EM radiation is crucial and that is decided by conductivity of material, incident frequency, magnetic permeability, thickness, etc. (Paul, 2006). Generally, the shielding material attenuates the EM radiation by means of reflection, absorption and multiple reflection as shown in Figure 1. The total shielding effectiveness of the shield could be calculated by means of reflection (R), absorption (A) and multiple reflection (M) co-efficients as shown in Equation (1).
Manned space travel: from a race between nations to a race against the environmental stressors beyond earth
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
The International Space Station (ISS), the largest man-made object in space, is a collaboration between space agencies of the United States, Canada, Russia, Europe and Japan. This research laboratory circles around the Earth at about 400 km above the Earth’s surface and houses international crews around the clock to perform experiments ranging from the effects of microgravity on the physiology of humans and other organisms, the cultivation of plants and food crops in space, to astronomy and physics observations. Since its inception, more than 200 men and women have inhabited the ISS for different lengths of time. Individual crew members stay in the ISS for missions of a total of about 3 months to a year, while some people have completed multiple missions.
Improved black hole and multiverse algorithms for discrete sizing optimization of planar structures
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2019
Saeed Gholizadeh, Navid Razavi, Emad Shojaei
One of the newly developed metaheuristics is the BH algorithm (Hatamlou 2013). A black hole is a region of space with a huge amount of concentrated mass. Nothing falling into a black hole can escape from its gravitational pull and thus anything that enters a black hole is lost from the universe. The boundary of a black hole is known as the event horizon and if an object crosses its radius, the black hole absorbs it. The BH algorithm tries to simulate the above-mentioned phenomenon. The BH is a population-based algorithm and its basic steps are described below: