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Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The biological era (organism) started much later after the matter era. When the inorganic matter was fully developed, the stage was set for the emergence of complex molecules, necessary for the synthesis of life. It is not established as yet that life exists anywhere else in the vast universe.
The New Energy Reality
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
There is also radiation from the universe as a whole, which is called cosmic microwave background radiation. Luckily, each of the cosmic radiation sources is far beyond the safety of Earth’s atmosphere. Unfortunately, to be of use to people, cosmic energy must be captured and controlled, something we are simply unable to do at this point.
Energy Today
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
There is also radiation from the universe as a whole, which is called cosmic microwave background radiation. Luckily, each of the cosmic radiation sources is far beyond the safety of Earth’s atmosphere. Unfortunately, in order to be of use to people, the cosmic energy must be captured and controlled, something we are simply unable to do at this point.
The water–man eristic dialectics for sustainable hydro-governance
Published in Water International, 2021
To realize the time scale of the nature–man evolutionary relationship, we should go back billions of years to the beginning of the universe and the timeline of the Earth and life formation. According to the latest estimation given by the Hubble Space Telescope, the age of the universe is 13.7 billion years (Hubble Space Telescope, 2021). The Earth’s age is estimated by rock radiometry to be 4.5 billion years (USGS, n.d.) and the first appearance of life on our planet goes back to about 3.7 billion years (Smithsonian Institution, n.d.). Climate variability is continuous with periods of low temperature that have formed glaciers now covering Antarctica and many parts of Europe and North America, followed by variations in water streams, flora and fauna as well. The appearance of dinosaurs and flying reptiles, the extension of large mammals such as giant bison, mammoths and mastodons with impacts on human activities took place in different geological periods. These events have left their signature in vertical rock geological formations that geologists and other specialists have used for developing the Geologic Time Chart of our planet.
The Response of Matter to Spatially Distributed Transient Energy Addition: An Asymptotic Analysis”: Part 1, Inert Gases
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
The interaction of matter and energy is fundamental to the physics occurring in systems with radically diverse length and time scales, as well as magnitudes of energy deposition. Cosmologists believe that the accelerating expansion of the universe can be attributed to the action of dark energy on the various forms of matter present (Riess et al. 1988). Supernovas, are transient astronomical events characterized by powerful and luminous stellar explosions occurring during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion (Riess et al. 2004). Massive amounts of thermonuclear energy are produced within a star causing an explosion which distributes its substance into the surrounding volume of space and often produces sufficient radiation in the visible spectrum to make the supernova visible from Earth in the daytime sky (Howell 2013). Nuclear fusion may be ignited by the deposition of sufficient energy on an appropriately short time scale (Ledingham et al. 2020). A recent experiment employed powerful lasers focused on a BB sized spot of heavy hydrogen to produce a hotspot the diameter of a human hair. It generated more than 10 quadrillion watts of fusion power for 100 trillionths of a second. Lightning causes the air though which it passes in a tiny fraction of a second to be heated to temperatures estimated to be as large as 50,000 F or 28,033 K (Uman 1969) accompanied by a high pressure relative to that in the undisturbed air. The subsequent expansion of the hot gas (the piston effect (Kevorkian and Cole 1981)) is the source of a shock wave (heard as a “bang”as it passes the ear) followed by a high velocity turbulent gas flow, one source of familiar rolling thunder. The piston effect is also responsible for the blast wave generated by nuclear or conventional explosions. Thermonuclear energy deposition in the former and chemical energy in the latter are the sources of a pronounced gasdynamical response (Kassoy 2010) in the initially undisturbed gas. Instabilities occurring in rocket engine combustion chambers are examples of the dynamic response of the combustion gases to chemically generated sources of energy (Sirignano 2015).