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Navigation
Published in Vincent P. Galotti, The Future Air Navigation System (FANS), 2019
To meet the growing demand for GNSS service, Northwest Airlines, Honeywell, the Leningrad Scientific Research Radio Technical Institute (LSRRI) and the All Union Scientific Research Institute of Radio Equipment (AUSRIRE) entered into an agreement (Hartman, 1992) to investigate the capabilities and limitations of integrating the signals from the GPS and GLONASS satellites. The study consisted of both lab and flight tests and found that with full deployment of both systems, the two constellations would be very close in size, accuracy and availability; the benefits of an integrated receiver would be significant, and as the signal structure of the GLONASS satellite signal is similar to that of GPS, the use of both GPS and GLONASS satellite signals in a single integrated receiver design would be possible. It was found that the RAIM solution would be available 100 percent of the time, even after the failure of three GPS and three GLONASS satellites. Furthermore, since the GLONASS satellites would not have the intentional accuracy degradation of selective availability, as is the case with GPS, due to United States military requirements, the GLONASS satellites would have the potential of providing twenty five meter navigational accuracies.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
The Russian Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Global Navigation Satellite System, or GLONASS) was proposed in 1976 to provide navigational and time reference data for U.S.S.R. military use. As with the Navstar system, the GLONASS constellation was intended to include 24 satellites (21 on-line plus 3 spares in orbit), although in three orbital planes rather than Navstar’s six planes. The GLONASS constellation orbited at an altitude of 19,100km at an inclination of 64.8∘ and an orbit time of approximately 11 hours and 15 minutes. The GLONASS network was made available to civilian users in the early 1990s. Since that time, Russia and the United States have cooperated on integrating the GLONASS and Navstar GPS systems, so that users can use both networks. The capabilities of the GLONASS network were diminished during the 1990 s, because Russia was unable to replace the aging GLONASS satellites on a regular schedule. Only six GLONASS satellites were functioning in orbit when this chapter was revised in 2003.
Radio Location, Radio Navigation, and GPS Systems
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
There are a number of other satellite navigation systems similar to GPS of the United States, such as Russian Glonass. The Glonass consists of 31 satellites but 24 are in continuous use orbiting in circular form 1500 km above the ground. The accuracy of the system is about 10 m rms. Glonass satellites transmit details of their own position and a time reference. The carrier frequencies are in L-band, around 1250 MHz (L2) and 1600 MHz (L1). Only the L1 frequency carries the Civil C/A code. The radio-frequency carriers used by Glonass are channelized within bands 1240–1260 MHz and 1597–1617 MHz, the channel spacing being 0.4375 MHz at the lower frequencies and 0.5625 MHz at the higher frequencies. The number of channels is 24. The data message is formatted in frames of 3000 bits, with a duration of 30 s. The ephemeris data are transmitted as a set of position, velocity, and acceleration coordinates in a Cartesian Earth-centered, Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinate system. The new ephemeris data are available every half hour, valid for the following quarter hour. The data are sent at a 50 baud rate and superimposed on a pseudorandom noise (PRN) code. The low-precision code has length 511 bits as compared to 1023 bits for Navstar. Glonass accuracy is as good as that for the GPS system. Glonass and GPS have different coordinate frames and different time frames that are being coordinated together.
Development of an IoT-based container tracking system for China’s Belt and Road (B&R) initiative
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2018
Hyung Rim Choi, Young Sik Moon, Jae Joong Kim, Jae Kee Lee, Kang Bae Lee, Joong Jo Shin
The tracking device introduced here was designed and developed to satisfy all user requirements. Key features of the container tracking device include the ability to transmit data in real time in the global logistics transit without the need for a separate infrastructure. The device is capable of WCMDA (Korea, Japan, United States) and GSM/GPRS (China, Europe, Africa) communications. To minimize the damage, the tracking device is designed to be mounted inside the container, and can detect the door opening, temperature/humidity and impact (vibrations). In addition to GPS, the device can use the Russian GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) for global positioning. In certain areas where information cannot be transmitted, the information is saved in the internal memory to be transmitted later once the device reaches an area with communication capability.
Demanded versus assumed friction along horizontal curves: An on-the-road experimental investigation
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2018
R. Vaiana, T. Iuele, V. Gallelli, D. Rogano
To evaluate the level of accuracy of the smartphone probes, an experimental survey was designed. The survey was carried out comparing a high-frequency GPS receiver as benchmark (Racelogic Video Box, 2015) with four different smartphones chosen according to the following market segmentation by price: “low end,” “midrange,” and “high end.” Moreover, a smartphone from a previous generation technology was used. The Racelogic Video Box has a speed accuracy of 0.1 km/h averaged over four samples, an update rate of 20Hz, a distance of 0.05% with 1cm resolution and a heading accuracy of 0.1°, as certified by manufacturer (in Reference User's Manual). All devices were configured with high-precision location acquisition settings, bypassing all location values from network provider that are characterized by a very low level of accuracy. Therefore, data from satellites were preferred. The new generation smartphones support Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that means they support the U.S. Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) GPS satellites and the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) satellites (Figure 5). The GPS consists of 24 satellites (plus one spare) orbiting on six planes at an inclination angle of 55° and an altitude of 20,200 km. The GLONASS system consists of 21 satellites (plus three spares) orbiting on three planes at an inclination angle of 64.8° and an altitude of 19,100 km (Nesheim & Ofstad, 2005). If more satellites are observed, many advantages can be exploited such as saving in time of acquisition, high accuracy, reduction of values of positional dilution of precision (Pdop; a measure of the uncertainty in three dimensional position of a navigation system).