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Thermal/Acoustical Insulation and Interior Wall/Ceiling Materials
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Ceramic and porcelain tiles are comprised of about 5%–30% quartz (e.g., crystalline silica). The principal difference between ceramic and porcelain tile is that the porcelain tile has a highly refined and purified clay component. Other than posing as a potential worker exposure to crystalline silica, irritant/toxic emissions from ceramic and porcelain tiles are highly unlikely.
Architectural shotcrete
Published in Dudley Robert (‘Rusty’) Morgan, Marc Jolin, Shotcrete, 2022
Dudley Robert (‘Rusty’) Morgan, Marc Jolin
In addition to industrial domes (see Section 10.5), a number of architecturally attractive shotcrete domes have been constructed for residential, institutional and commercial buildings. An excellent example of such construction is the new Dome Technology Corporate Headquarters building in Idaho Falls, Idaho (South, 2017). This architectural dome is a stunning example of what is possible using the thin-shell shotcrete construction process. The building has an open free-span shotcrete thin-shell exposed by arching openings with light window glazing around the building perimeter. The building is unique in that the thin shell was constructed using air-formed shotcrete technology without a single conventional concrete form or shore and uses geothermal energy for heating and cooling. The construction process was basically as follows:After construction of the concrete ring beam, an elliptical polyvinyl chloride (PVC) air form fabric was connected and inflated. Polyurethane insulating foam was then applied from the inside of the inflated form to provide a layer 75 mm thick. Multiple layers of reinforcement and shotcrete were then applied from inside the dome in a strategic sequence until the necessary thickness was achieved, and the dome met its strength requirements. Arched openings were achieved by placing a thinner amount of shotcrete and lesser amount of reinforcing steel in the areas to be removed. Later these areas were cut out and removed from the shell, leaving the arched openings. The PVC membrane doubled as the air-supported shotcrete form and a single-ply waterproofing system over the entire shell. Porcelain tile with a 100-year life expectancy provided the final finished exterior surface.
A process parameters selection approach for trade-off between energy consumption and polishing quality
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2018
Haidong Yang, Hongcheng Li, Chengjiu Zhu, Hua Fang, Jun Li
Polished porcelain tile has great acceptance in the world market nowadays due to high mechanical strength, high wear resistance and especially high-gloss in polished state which is a characteristic that causes great aesthetic appeal (de Souza et al. 2011). The production of these tiles normally starts from raw material, grinding and mixing, granulating by spray drying, pressing, firing and polishing (Wattanasiriwech, Saiton, and Wattanasiriwech 2009). Unfortunately, the porcelain tile industry has a major impact on the environment, consuming substantial amounts of energy and emitting lots of pollutants (Gabaldón-Estevan, Criado, and Monfort 2014; Tikul 2014). Due to the increasing pressure from environmental regulations and the effect of rising energy prices, it is urgent to promote energy efficiency improvement and emission reduction in the porcelain tile industry.