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External Walls
Published in Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Karl Kovac, Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook, 2020
Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Karl Kovac
The main function of an attached pier is to give lateral support to the wall of which it forms a part from the base to the top of the wall. It also has the subsidiary function of dividing a wall into distinct lengths whereby each length can be considered as a wall. Generally walls must be tied at the end to an attached pier, buttressing or return wall.
Seismic performance of fibre-reinforced polymer and steel double-reinforced bridge piers
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Daoguang Jia, Jize Mao, Jianfu Lv, Wei Zhang, Jialun Sun
The design of bridge piers in terms of sectional reinforcement should be a result of three aspects: ultimate strength, durability and seismic performance. The concept of ultimate limit design was first introduced by the European Concrete Committee in 1964 (CEB, 1964), and the American Concrete Institute adopted the use of ultimate limit design in the 1970s (ACI Committee, 1973). This design method, then, has been widely used for conventional RC bridge pier design. In this study, a design method for FRP and steel double-reinforced bridge piers was suggested based on the ultimate limit design method. As the major cause of the degradation of RC structures (Guo et al., 2015), the corrosion of the reinforcement was accounted for in the durability of the piers in this work. The FRP reinforcement is introduced into the hybrid configuration due to its the good corrosion resistance (Pantelides, Gibbons, & Reaveley, 2013), while the durability of the steel reinforcement is controlled by the thickness of the concrete cover, according to the recommendations of current design codes (CSA, 2000).
Heave and load-settlement behaviour of a chemically stabilised expansive clay bed
Published in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2022
E. Ramanjaneya Raju, B. R. Phanikumar, M. Heeralal
Tension-resistant foundation techniques are innovative foundations which control the tensile forces mobilised during swelling in an expansive clay stratum. Their bottom portions are anchored in the inactive zone of the clay stratum over which resistance to uplift force is mobilised in the active zone (Chen 1988). Drilled piers and belled piers (Chen 1988), under-reamed piles (Sharma et al. 1978) and granular pile-anchors or GPAs (Phanikumar 1997, Phanikumar et al. 2004, 2008, Rao et al. 2007) are the classic examples of tension-resistant foundation techniques. Drilled piers are straight-shafted piers, whereas belled piers have enlarged bottom portions. Under-reamed piles also work on the principle of belled piers. Their bottom portions are enlarged, which are called under-reams. These enlarged bottom portions must be anchored in the inactive zone. In a granular pile-anchor (GPA), the foundation is anchored to an anchor plate placed at the bottom of the granular pile through an anchor rod, which is monolithically taken into the foundation bed. Hence, through the anchor effect, the resistance to uplift is mobilised over the cylindrical pile–clay interface by virtue of its shear parameters c’ and ϕ’.