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Indoor Air Quality In Retrospect: How did we get here?
Published in H.E. Burroughs, Shirley J. Hansen, Managing Indoor Air Quality, 2020
H.E. Burroughs, Shirley J. Hansen
The building’s own HVAC system may be the culprit. The HVAC distribution system is the air pathway (in a sense the lungs of the building) throughout the building. Air pollutants may be moved by the distribution system from an area of the building used for a specialized purpose, such as industrial shops or laboratories, into other areas, such as offices. Polluted outside air, no longer referred to as “fresh air,” may be brought in from loading docks, garages, or picked up from a neighbor’s or the building’s own exhaust. Polluted air, such as automobile exhaust in a parking garage, may find its way up elevator shafts and stairwells into office spaces. Humidifiers, dehumidifiers, air conditioners, cooling towers and ductwork may be the source of biological contaminants spread by the ventilation system.
Time value of money
Published in Len Holm, Cost Accounting and Financial Management for Construction Project Managers, 2018
At some point a larger hotel plan would require an additional restaurant and an additional elevator, or in the case of a parking garage, an additional underground floor. These major additions are stepped cost increases. This is a similar concept to fixed and variable overhead costs discussed in Chapter 6. An investor must consider sunk costs when adding money to an initial investment. When the original investment is ‘sunk,’ it is gone and it cannot be recovered. Additional investments may enhance the investor’s ability to recover the initial investment, but are not guaranteed to do so. An investor, including a real estate developer, may be faced with the dilemma of walking away from their original investment to avoid the old adage of ‘pouring good money after bad.’
Problems in carrying out construction projects in large urban agglomerations on the example of the construction of the Varso building complex in Warsaw
Published in Mohamad Al Ali, Peter Platko, Advances and Trends in Engineering Sciences and Technologies III, 2019
E. Radziszewska-Zielina, E. Kania, G. Śladowski
The site was crossed by elements of external infrastructure, which had to be remodelled. This affected the time and manner of constructing the buildings. On the plot for the construction of Varso 1 there was a fiber-optic bus (about 60 cables) running across the central part of the excavation. Due to there being no possibility of its relocation, it was placed in a reinforced concrete duct supported on a fragment of the bracing slab, under which a four-storey underground parking garage is being built. Ultimately, this duct will be connected to the ground floor of the Varso 1 building. All these collisions, as well as many minor ones, significantly affect the extension of the schedule of works and increase the cost of the project.
Time series relations between parking garage occupancy and traffic speed in macroscopic downtown areas – a data driven study
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2021
Rui Ma, Shenyang Chen, H. Michael Zhang
Specifically, for this study, time-varying parking garage occupancies in time-series are treated as sequential input data, while macroscopic travel speed at each time step is the output. By constructing and analyzing the TDNN trained with the real-world data, the time-delay correlations and hysteresis effects between these two sets of variables can be effectively studied. The input variable is denoted as the parking garage occupancy, and the output variable is denoted as the macroscopic travel speed. In addition, a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function is applied as the transfer function in the hidden layer, and a linear one is applied for the transfer function in the output layer.
Search for parking: A dynamic parking and route guidance system for efficient parking and traffic management
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2019
Huajun Chai, Rui Ma, H. Michael Zhang
As shown in Figure 1, a driver considers the summation of following expected costs for selecting a certain parking destination.Expected travel time cost —the time spent on road before reaching the selected parking garage.Expected searching cost inside a parking garage —the corresponding monetary cost (converted using the value of time) of the time spent in the parking garage before an available parking space is found. In some literature, it is also known as the Cruising Cost (Qian & Rajagopal, 2014a), which is a function of the garage occupancy. In Axhausen, Polak, Boltze, and Puzicha (1994), they proposed that the searching time is a function of garage occupancy in an off-street parking garage as: where is the searching cost, OC is the occupancy, K is the capacity of the parking garage, is the average time spent on searching an available space in an empty parking garage.