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Dyes and Auxiliaries for Textile Printing
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
Plastisol inks, commonly used for textile printing and especially for t-shirts, are a PVC-based ink composed of a clear, thick plasticizer fluid and PVC resin. The full name for PVC is polyvinyl chloride. The PVC life cycle results in the release of toxic, chlorine-based chemicals which end up as by-products such as carcinogenic and highly toxic dioxin and PCB. The major health concern about plastisol inks is not that they are PVC-based but that they contain phthalates. Phthalates are added to PVC plastics to transform a hard plastic into a soft, rubbery plastic by allowing the long polyvinyl molecules to slide against each other instead of rigidly binding together. These phthalates used in plastisol ink to make the PVC flexible are also carcinogenic and much research has been done which substantiates the damage phthalates do to us, especially to fetuses and newborns. They are released into the environment during the printing and curing of the ink and they will continue to exhaust toxins when exposed to a radiant heat source, such as a dryer or even sunlight. Plastisol inks contains virtually no solvents at all.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Most allergy problems arise from the use of PVC gloves. PVC is made by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, a plastic material softened by heating or adding plasticizers. When a small amount (<5%) of plasticizers is added, the product hardens. When the amount of plasticizers is 30%–50%, the product becomes soft. A vinyl glove material may, for example, contain about 50% PVC and 50% additives. These include plasticizers, stabilizers, ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, fungicides, bactericides, flame retardants, and colorants.43,65 Although plastic materials are generally considered non-sensitizers, some additives may be leachable and cause contact sensitization.1,55 PVC itself is probably not a sensitizer. In most reported cases of allergy to plastic gloves, the actual sensitizer in the material has remained undetermined.2,32,66–70 The commonly used patch test series of plastics and glues contain some potential allergens in PVC materials, and the ingredients of the suspected glove materials are seldom available for testing. This is possibly the most important reason for the specific allergen to be detected only in exceptional cases.
Thermal Properties of Recycled Polymer Composites
Published in R.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, Emin Bayraktar, Recycling of Plastics, Metals, and Their Composites, 2021
Marwah Rayung, Min Min Aung, Hiroshi Uyama
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer used in wire and cable insulation, pipes, packaging, clothing, automotive and others. PVC is usually produced either in a rigid or flexible form. The flexible type contains plasticizers and it often referred to as plasticized PVC. Furthermore, PVC is sensitive to thermal changes and has quite a small range of processing temperatures. For this reason, additives that can stabilize the materials at higher temperatures are added to the material during production. PVC is fully recyclable and it is identified as recycling code #3. PVC can be recycled several times without a decrease in its chain length (VinylPlus 2016). Figure 9.3 displays the chemical structure and thermal properties of PVC (Table 9.4).
Analytical and numerical investigation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) confined concrete columns under different loading conditions
Published in Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2023
Haytham F. Isleem, Babatunde Olawale Yusuf, Wang Xingchong, Tang Qiong, P. Jagadesh, Daudi Salezi Augustino
The concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) has gained wide attention for applications in civil infrastructures such as high-rise buildings and long span bridges, as a result of its remarkable ease of construction and mechanical properties (Xu et al. 2021; Eilbeigi, Tavakkolizadeh, and Masoodi 2023). However, for a long-term application, it has limitations due to its poor corrosion resistance and high cost. In place of steel tubes, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has attracted more and more attention. The use of PVC offers some advantages such as better corrosion resistance, economic cost-benefit, fatigue resistance, stable performance, cheap maintenance, and good seismic behaviour (Wu et al. 2021; Afsaneh, Amirreza, and Seyed 2022). PVC is a non-metallic tube and one of the types of thermoplastics, produced by the combination of polymer resin, lubricants, plasticisers, stabilisers, fillers, and pigments, at different proportions to achieve target properties for varying applications (Raheemah and Resan 2019). The principle of confining concrete in a hollow tube offers greater strength, stiffness, ductility, and better size reduction. The mutual interaction between the tube and concrete core becomes beneficial and provides for higher ultimate strength than the sum of the uniaxial load of concrete and PVC tube (Sagban, Jasim, and Saadoon 2019).
Potential applications of Post-Consumer Vinyl Flex Banner (PCVFB) materials: sustainable management approach
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Appala Naidu Uttaravalli, Srikanta Dinda, Bhanu Radhika Gidla
Flex banners are made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyester materials. PVC flex banners are commonly called as ‘vinyl flex banners’ (VFB). PVC has an amorphous structure with polar chlorine atoms in the molecular structure (Kavya and Umesh 2020). PVC is the third-most widely manufactured synthetic plastic polymer (after polyethylene and polypropylene) in the world. PVC is one of the abundantly used thermoplastic materials (Stichnothe and Azapagic 2013). The global production of PVC plastic is in the range of 35–40 million tons per year (Garcia et al. 2006; Yarahmadi, Jakubowicz, and Martinsson 2003; Braun 2001; Polyvinyl chloride 2020). PVC is used to process several short-life and long-life products due to its compounding versatility (Wenguang and La Mantia 1996; Matuschek, Milanov, and Kettrup 2000). Because of its excellent affordability, durability, and workability, PVC is extensively used for the preparation of various products, ranging from civil and construction materials to consumer products (Nakamura et al. 2009). The increasing consumption of PVC resulted in the increased quantity of used PVC items entering the waste stream. With the increased awareness of health and environmental issues, the recycling of PVC products has become demanding, and attempts have been made to recycle PVC materials (Sombatsompop and Thongsang 2001; Slapak, Van Kasteren, and Drinkenburg 1999; Saroj et al. 2018).
Precision cutting of polyvinyl chloride film by ultraviolet nanosecond laser
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Congyi Wu, Youmin Rong, Yu Huang, Min Li, Guojun Zhang, Weinan Liu
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is formed by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer in peroxides, azo compounds, and other initiators or under the action of light and heat according to free radical polymerization reaction mechanism.[1,2] PVC film has advantages of low cost, high strength,[3] good transparency,[4] high insulation,[5] strong waterproof, and anti-pollution.[6,7] Therefore, it is widely applied in medical,[8,9] food packaging,[10–12] and electronics.[13,14] With more precisely applied in different fields, PVC film with various shape and high assembly accuracy appear on requirement, such as indium tin oxide (ITO)/PVC electrode in flexible device,[15] protective film on electronic product, and cardiac venous catheter.[16] Therefore, its processing technology is developing upon directions of special-shaped and precision cutting.