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Low Alloy Steels
Published in P. C. Angelo, B. Ravisankar, Introduction to Steels, 2019
Nickel is the first element alloyed with iron, which is now removed from the series of low alloy steels due to the high cost of nickel. However, for few special and critical applications this series of alloys are used. Although nickel is an austenite stabilizer, it strengthens ferrite by solid solution strengthening. Addition of nickel increases strength without much decrease in ductility. It also increases impact strength and toughness as well as improves toughness at low temperatures when added in small amounts. And so, Nickel steel has good low temperature strength and high Notch Tensile Strength (NTS). Nickel addition improves steel’s resistance to oxidation, corrosion and abrasive resistance. Nickel is heat-resistant, and when alloyed with steel, it increases the heat resistance of the steel. Because nickel reduces eutectoid temperature (approximately 100°C for 1% of Ni), low temperature quenching is sufficient to get full austenite during heat treatment and hence distortion and thermal stresses are less in the components after forming martensite on quenching.
Anisotropic and elastoplastic characteristics of 3D printed graphene/aluminum composites by coupled experimental and numerical analysis
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Li-Ya Liu, Qing-Sheng Yang, Bo-Jun Miao, Xia Liu, Xing-Yu Zhang
Compared with titanium, nickel, steel or other metal matrix composites, the SLM forming of the graphene/aluminum (Al) composites is more difficult due to poor fluidity and high reflectivity to laser, resulting in a slow progress of related research progress. Al and its related composites are widely used in industry, military and daily life due to their excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity and high strength [16]. Thereby, it is necessary to study the laser parameters of SLM for forming of Al powder in the 3D printing process [17]. Furthermore, limited research progress is reported about the development the graphene/Al composites by SLM technique [18, 19]. Nevertheless, the published research does not fully study the mechanical properties of different graphene reinforced pure Al matrix composites by SLM technique, especially anisotropic and elastoplastic characteristics, and no simulation is compared with the experiments to reveal the reinforcement mechanism of graphene in Al matrix composites.
Effect of substrate surface conditions on tribological behaviour of machine element coating
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
There is a strong correlation between the friction coefficient and the surface finish. Even for surface finish value in normal machined elements; when coated can give good (low) friction coefficients.The influence of surface roughness was stronger than the influence of substrate material. Both nickel and non-nickel steel exhibits almost identical friction behaviour, when coated therefore, the cheaper material 20MnCr5 can be used in place of SAE 8620.The deposition of the coating on both nickel (SAE 8620) and non nickel steel (20MnCr5) resulted in improved wear resistance.
Quality of tap water in an urban agglomeration: 2-years’ monitoring study in Wrocław, Poland
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Grzegorz Izydorczyk, Małgorzata Mironiuk, Sylwia Baśladyńska, Daria Kocek, Anna Witek-Krowiak, Katarzyna Chojnacka
The greatest influence on the quality of tap water supplied to residential buildings has the type of water distribution systems, including the material from which the pipelines are made, hydrodynamic conditions of water flow, and water temperature. Currently, old water supply systems (cast iron, galvanized steel) are being replaced by systems made of plastics (polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)), but still, copper or steel (chromium-nickel steel) pipes are used. The porosity of the pipes is also important because it facilitates the growth of biofilm and lowers the resistance to corrosion, which promotes the release of certain chemicals into drinking water (Papciak et al. 2019; Zietz et al. 2015). Also, installation components such as taps or installation parts including clamps, valves and faucets, can lead to solubilization of toxic ions of nickel, copper, cadmium or lead (Zietz et al. 2015). Temperature and flow hydrodynamics are two more parameters that determine the excessive colonization of microorganisms in pipes. An increase in temperature favours the growth of microorganisms; slight turbulence of the fluid also has an adverse effect (Papciak et al. 2019).