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Marine Trash Detection Using Deep Learning Models
Published in B. K. Mishra, Samarjeet Borah, Hemant Kasturiwale, Computing and Communications Engineering in Real-Time Application Development, 2023
Kimbrel Dias, Sadaf Ansari, Ameeta Amonkar
Man-made pollution is dangerous as it has an adverse effect on the environment. Marine pollution is mostly ignored as it is not easily visible, but it affects and kills marine life, changes the physical and biological characteristic of oceans, injures coral reef, impedes navigation safety, and poses a threat to human well-being.1 Widely deposited debris include bottles (10.3%), plastic bags (9.4%), cans (4.6%), rope (2.1%), cigarettes (24.6%).2 Preventive measures like reduction and recycling are being used to keep debris out of the ocean. But the massive amount of litter that is already present in the ocean needs to be removed.
Global Status
Published in Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan, Blue Economy of the Indian Ocean, 2020
Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Victor J. Loveson, Sridhar D. Iyer, P.K. Sudarsan
According to State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), though China envisaged its blue economy strategy for developmental purposes, the overall quality of China’s marine environment remains in dire states (World Watch, 2019, www.worldwatch.org/sepa). The study by SEPA was based on marine pollution, coastal ecosystem deterioration, and marine accidents. The study revealed that in some coastal areas, the damage caused by marine pollution had been severe and irreversible. The most polluted regions have been Bhai Bay, Hangzhou Bay, and the mouths of the Yangtze, Yellow, and Pearl rivers. Marine pollution impacted more than 80% of the coastal zone in China. The sewage water and industrial wastes are the major culprits of marine pollution. It was estimated that out of 8.8 million tons of plastic wastes produced by China, 3.53 million tons reach the ocean (Zhang et al., 2004).
Sea: Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can result from the entry into the ocean system of chemical, industrial, agricultural, and residential wastes, as well as invasive organisms. Marine pollution is, in the majority of cases, of land and atmospheric origin. Catastrophic accidents (shipping, platform) are also an important factor of marine pollution. Generally, sea pollutants are classified as having chemical and biological origin; however, toxic chemical substances are dominant. The most important chemical substances belong to the next group: trace and heavy toxic metals, metalo-organic compounds (tributyltin, TBT), nutrients, acid gases, radionuclides (especially artificial), radioactive waste, military toxic substances, and organic toxic substances (oil, pesticides, dioxins, furans, phenols, halogeno-organic compounds—especially DDT, PCBs, polychlorinated terphenyls [PCT], and their metabolites, as well as aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, [PAHs]). Toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation.[1–3]
Demulsifying of waste oils in a port reception facility by ultrasound with a new coagulant: techno-economic evaluation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Nurullah Özdoğan, Ahmed M. Albahnasawi, Havva Ağır, Serkan Arslan, Okan Gunaydin, Ercan Gürbulak, Murat Eyvaz, Ebubekir Yüksel
Today, 90% of the world trade is provided by seaborne. However, marine pollution has become a major problem due to the illegal releasing of washing water of ship parts (machinery/auxiliary machinery sub-tanks, cofferdams, warehouses, main cargo tanks, etc.). These wastes are classified as bilge, slop, sludge, and dirty ballast waters containing oil and hydrocarbon with a high percentage of oil and derivatives (Ulucan 2011). The toxic compounds in these wastes both adversely affect aquatic life and cause adverse health effects reaching human beings by mixing into the food chain (Beyer et al. 2016). Various international and regional agreements have been made to prevent ship-originated marine pollution. One of the sanctions imposed by a convention on member countries is that it imposes the obligation to build waste reception facilities at ports and tanker terminals (TOCPRO (Tanker Operations Consulting by Professionals) 2015). Port reception facilities (PRF) are treatment plants where ship wastes are collected and handled in a controlled manner within the framework of international agreements in a way that does not create secondary marine pollution. Eventually, oil and petroleum-derived products obtained as a result of the separation of such ship-sourced petroleum wastes from bilge waters are used as secondary fuel in the industry and a separate benefit is provided to the economy (Ozdogan 2018).
Environmental management in the Bohai and Baltic seas from a source-to-sea perspective: challenges and opportunities
Published in Water International, 2021
Yan Wang, Erik Lindblom, Yanjing Zhu, Ruth E. Mathews, Mikael Malmaeus, Kun Lei
From a S2S perspective, the recent institutional reform of the State Council, resulting in both land and marine environment being integrated in the new MEE is very important. The MEE is responsible for many aspects of the key flows, for example, nutrients and plastic leakage (Figure 2). The China Marine Environmental Protection Law is the main body regulating Chinese seas, including the Bohai. It addresses pollution from land sources and marine pollution from shipping, offshore projects, coastal construction projects, and offshore oil exploration and exploitation. Major national policy issues, such as the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, can only be decided by the Party Central Committee and the State Council. In accordance with the regulations enacted by the State Council, different ministries issue orders, directives, rules and regulations within the limits of their authorities. This can be done by individual ministries or jointly with other ministries (Figure 3). Local environmental protection departments mainly issue local regulations and policies in accordance with laws and national regulations. The approach leads to lack of coordination between ministries and fragmentation of governance and management to a certain extent, but this issue has been put on the agenda and is being resolved by reform.
Criminal jurisdiction for ship collision and marine pollution in high seas-Focused on the 2015 judgement on M/V Ernest Hemingway case
Published in Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 2020
In summary, the introduction of substances into the sea that would cause harmful consequences to humans is called marine pollution. Under this definition, marine pollution is caused by humans without regards to its cause and is sufficient if it results or is likely to result in harmful consequences. In other words, it can be classified as marine pollution if it is based on human behavior, whether it is caused by a ship collision or by deliberate discharge. Therefore, marine pollution caused by ship collisions in EEZ in the M/V Hemingway’s case is not subject to UNCLOS Article 97(1), and it is appropriate to apply the relevant provisions of Part 12 of the UNCLOS.