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Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Oil production potential from oil shale is measured by a laboratory pyrolysis method, commonly referred to as the Fischer Assay (Speight, 2012, 2020) and is reported in barrels per ton (42 US gallons per barrel, approximately 35 Imperial gallons per barrel). Rich oil shale zones can yield more than 40 US gallons per ton, while most shale zones produce 10–25 US gallons per ton. Yields of shale oil in excess of 25 US gallons per ton are generally viewed as the most economically attractive, and hence, the most favorable for initial development. Thus, oil shale has, though, a definite potential for meeting energy demand in an environmentally acceptable manner (Lee, 1990; Scouten, 1990; Speight, 2012, 2020).
Effect of N2 and CO2 on shale oil from pyrolysis of Estonian oil shale
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Sepehr Mozaffari, Oliver Järvik, Zachariah Steven Baird
The Fischer assay is a standard laboratory method used to estimate the oil yield of an oil shale. 50 g of kukersite oil shale with a particle size of 500–710 μm was placed in a Fischer Assay retort. The Fischer assay retort was subjected to four different gaseous environments; CO2, CO2/steam, N2 and N2/steam. These gases were injected into the reactor using a tube which was placed through the retort lid. The flowrate used for tests without steam was 21 ml/min and for the runs with water vapor, water was injected at 0.1 ml/min and the flowrates of CO2 and N2 were set at 10 ml/min. In order ensure that the system was fully purged, the sweep gases were fed through the retort for one hour before beginning the experiment. Also, for the tests in the presence of water vapor, the water was first preheated to 150°C before entering into the retort. The retort was then heated up to 500°C at 10°C/min, from 500 to 520°C for 20 minutes and held at 520°C for another 20 minutes. To take the possible loss of water into account, three blank runs were made with water injection only. The Fischer Assay enables us to calculate the amount of oil and water, gas, and solid residue produced. The weight of gas produced was computed by difference based on the material balance.