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Chemicals from the Fischer–Tropsch Process
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The Fischer–Tropsch process is a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) in the synthesis are converted into hydrocarbon derivatives of various molecular weights. The process can be represented by the simple equation: (2n+1)H2+nCO→CnH(2n+2)+nH2O
Production of Biofuel and Industrial Alcohol
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
Thermochemical processes are useful for conversion of biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuel. These include gasification and pyrolysis. In pyrolysis, thermal decomposition of biomass feedstocks in the absence of air results in the formation of bio oil and methane as well as side products. Gasification employs air or steam to convert biomass feedstock pyrolysis products to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas (synthesis gas). The Fischer Tropsch process is used to catalytically convert synthesis gas to liquid fuel and has the advantage of producing fuel free of greenhouse gas.
2 Utilization
Published in S. Komar Kawatra, Advanced Coal Preparation and Beyond, 2020
At present the Fischer–Tropsch process is used primarily to supplement the production of petroleum products and to use excess methane which would otherwise be flared into the atmosphere. The hydrogen is usually formed by reforming methane with steam, which is also the source of carbon monoxide (Dry, 2005).
New development of atomic layer deposition: processes, methods and applications
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Peter Ozaveshe Oviroh, Rokhsareh Akbarzadeh, Dongqing Pan, Rigardt Alfred Maarten Coetzee, Tien-Chien Jen
The task of simultaneously improving catalytic activity, selectivity and stability are common for both organic and inorganic catalysts, and a central goal is to control the size, shape, and morphology of supported nanoparticles to improve selectivity. Tailoring catalysts with atomic-level control over active sites and composite structures are of great importance for advanced catalysis [238]. Figure 16(a) shows the preparation of core-shell nanoparticles with three strategies and their applications through ALD include the core-shell structures, discontinuous coating structures, and embedded structures. ALD has been shown to be effective at controlling metal and metal oxide active sites and improving catalytic activity, selectivity, and longevity. More importantly, ALD is an effective method in making uniformly dispersed catalyst on large surface area supports. Putkonen et al. [239] studied the effect of ALD on the improvement of other methods to fabricate good performance catalyst in the Fischer-Tropsch process. They showed that combining ALD with washcoating method for catalyst preparation resulted in a highly active catalyst. This comparison is illustrated in Figure 16(b). The Fischer-Tropsch process uses a collection of chemical reactions to convert mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide into liquid hydrocarbons. The Fischer-Tropsch process is now a method of choice for the synthesis of petroleum substitutes. The highest activity was obtained with metal plates having Al2O3 by the washcoating method and CoOx by ALD which clearly shows the positive influence of ALD.
Biogas-based fuels as renewable energy in the transport sector: an overview of the potential of using CBG, LBG and other vehicle fuels produced from biogas
Published in Biofuels, 2022
The Fischer-Tropsch process can be used to produce several different kinds of liquid fuels. One major alternative is synthetic diesel, as it is compatible with diesel infrastructure and vehicles. Diesel is the most common oil product, with an equivalent use of around 200 million tons of oil per year in Europe alone [147]. There is diesel on the market produced from natural gas through the Fischer-Tropsch process, but no producer uses biogas.
Research on emissions controlling of coal-made Fischer–Tropsch process diesel/methanol unconventional pollutants
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Hua Xia, Lian Mei, Yang Jiahui
Both coal and natural gas can be decomposed into carbon monoxide and hydrogen and then synthesized into a liquid fuel called Fischer–Tropsch process diesel (Hereinafter referred to as F-T diesel). F-T diesel contains 99.9% saturated alkanes. Compared with the main carbon number distribution of diesel, i.e., C15–C18, the F-T diesel carbon number distribution mainly ranges from C9–C15; furthermore, F-T diesel contains more short-chain alkanes, and the short-chain alkanes have smaller intermolecular forces. Compared with ordinary diesel, F-T diesel has a lower density and distillation range, better ability to ignite and atomize, higher calorific value, better fuel economy, lower density and kinematic viscosity, and more uniformly mixed fuel and air. In addition, it is uniform, and the sulfur and aromatic contents of diesel produced via coal liquefaction are only 5% and 0.09% of those of ordinary diesel, respectively; thus, it can effectively reduce PM emissions and burn more cleanly. Scholars from the United States and Xi’an Jiaotong University have studied the combustion and emission processes of F-T diesel in diesel engines. Huang, Pan, and Li et al. (2005) of Xi’an Jiaotong University studied the combustion and emission performance of F-T diesel fuel in direct injection diesel engines. The results showed that, compared with those using conventional diesel, diesel engines using F-T diesel had a shorter stagnation period, lower cylinder pressure and peakrate of increase in pressure, and lower NOx, HC, CO, and soot, of which the soot and NOx were reduced by 40.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Alleman and Mccormick （2003）of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) studied the emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled with diesel and F-T diesel. The results showed that fueling diesel engines with F-T diesel can reduce NOx, HC, and PM. Compared with those of traditional diesel, NOx was reduced by 13% and PM was reduced by 26%. Wang，Yang and Liu (2019) studied non-road diesel engines burning F-T diesel at EGR atmosphere. The test results showed that when the EGR rate is less than 15%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are reduced significantly, while hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are increased less than 5%. However, when the EGR rate was 30%, HC and CO were maximally increased to 13.2% and 13.3%, respectively. Bermúdez, Luján, and Benjamín (2011) studied the conventional and unconventional emissions of F-T diesel fuel in 4-cylinder diesel engines for light vehicles. The results showed that, compared with diesel, when F-T diesel was used in diesel engines, CO2 was reduced by 2%. Due to the high cetane number and short flame retardation period of F-T diesel, NOx was increased, and CO and HC were decreased, the emissions of medium-chain hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and formic acid were reduced, and the change trend of small-molecule short-chain hydrocarbons (<C4) generated by cracking was consistent with that of HC.