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Multipurpose Equipment
Published in Ko Higashitani, Hisao Makino, Shuji Matsusaka, Powder Technology Handbook, 2019
Hisao Makino, Hiromi Shirai, Junichi Tatami
The rotary kiln has been recently used to produce advanced ceramic powders, which is an indirect-heating-type using ceramics for the retort materials. Use of the ceramic retort enables continuous heat treatment at a high temperature because the ceramics have much better heat and corrosion resistance than the metal retort. Although the ceramic coating by thermal spraying on the metal retort is developed, it has not been widely used yet because the coating is expensive, and it peels off because of thermal expansion mismatch. Sealability is also an important factor to control the atmosphere in the rotary kiln. Therefore, a large ceramic retort is increasingly demanded. In particular, the alumina retort is strongly expected in terms of the balance of strength, heat resistance, and production cost. In recent years, a very large alumina retort was produced by slip casting technique because of advancement of ceramic production technology. The section of the retort has a hexagonal or particular rib structure. Such a ceramic retort will be used extensively by the improvement in surface smoothness and accuracy of dimensions, joining technology for large components, and further development of the options of the internal wall structure such as screw geometry.
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
Oil shale can be mined using one of two methods: underground mining using the room-and-pillar method or surface mining. Room and pillar mining is a system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. The pillars support the ceiling and the material is extracted from the “room.” After mining, the oil shale is transported to a facility for retorting, a heating process that separates the oil fractions of oil shale from the mineral fraction. The vessel in which retorting takes place is known as a retort. After retorting, the oil must be upgraded by further processing before it can be sent to a refinery, and the spent shale must be disposed of. Spent shale may be disposed of in surface impoundments, or as fill in graded areas; it may also be disposed of in previously mined areas. Eventually, the mined land needs to be reclaimed.
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Traditionally, retorting has been used to process low-acid food products to ensure destruction of C. botulinum spores. Conventional retorting involves filling of the product in metal cans, glass jars, retortable semirigid plastic containers or retortable pouches; double-seaming or heat sealing; followed by heating, holding, and cooling in a pressurized batch or continuous retort. Retorting of foods in cans, invented by Nicholas Appert in the early 1800s, still remains the preferred choice for preservation of foods. Retorts can be operated in either a batch or continuous mode of operation. Batch retort is the most versatile sterilization system with the ability to handle different products (conduction heating and convection heating) and package types. Batch retort can further be classified into still/static (horizontal, vertical, or crateless) retort and agitating/rotary (end over end or axial rotation) retort. When steam is used as the heating medium, it should be introduced into the retort with care such that all the air in the retort is displaced. Removal of air by steam is also known as venting. Cooling is accomplished by shutting off steam and introducing cold water into the retort. Overpressure is often used to prevent internal pressure inside the container from destroying its integrity. The rotary retort agitates the product inside the container by the movement of the air bubble created by the headspace, resulting in enhanced heat transfer in the container. A larger headspace results in faster heating of a product due to efficient mixing. Different heating media and heating methods used in various batch retorts include steam, water, steam–air, water cascading, water spray, or water immersion (Lund, 1975; Weng, 2005).
Making Mercury’s Histories: Mercury in Gold Mining’s Past and Present
Published in Ambix, 2023
The retort and its backing display were the sole representations of mercury on the Sutter’s Mill site. Having worked as a production technician in the chemical industry, I knew such pieces of equipment never existed in this type of isolation when in use. I started wondering. Where had the mercury retort originally been made, and into what assemblages had it been embedded during its working life? What type of architectural structure had housed it? What were the heating arrangements? How had its need for a continual pressured water supply been met? How heavy would the vessel have been when fully charged with amalgam? How much mercury had passed through this one retort over the years? And, crucially, how many people had this retort surreptitiously injured or killed through mercury poisoning over the course of its working life? In that moment, the failings of the display as an educational presentation became clear: the display had turned the retort into an uncontentious, reified object.32 It had now become almost as distanced from the Gold Rush and mercury as a piece of American missionary-style furniture is to California’s missionary era.
Effect of N2 and CO2 on shale oil from pyrolysis of Estonian oil shale
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Sepehr Mozaffari, Oliver Järvik, Zachariah Steven Baird
The Fischer assay is a standard laboratory method used to estimate the oil yield of an oil shale. 50 g of kukersite oil shale with a particle size of 500–710 μm was placed in a Fischer Assay retort. The Fischer assay retort was subjected to four different gaseous environments; CO2, CO2/steam, N2 and N2/steam. These gases were injected into the reactor using a tube which was placed through the retort lid. The flowrate used for tests without steam was 21 ml/min and for the runs with water vapor, water was injected at 0.1 ml/min and the flowrates of CO2 and N2 were set at 10 ml/min. In order ensure that the system was fully purged, the sweep gases were fed through the retort for one hour before beginning the experiment. Also, for the tests in the presence of water vapor, the water was first preheated to 150°C before entering into the retort. The retort was then heated up to 500°C at 10°C/min, from 500 to 520°C for 20 minutes and held at 520°C for another 20 minutes. To take the possible loss of water into account, three blank runs were made with water injection only. The Fischer Assay enables us to calculate the amount of oil and water, gas, and solid residue produced. The weight of gas produced was computed by difference based on the material balance.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Human studies showed conflicting results on the genotoxicity of shale oil. A small group of workers exhibited increased levels of chromosomal breakage, but the workers were also involved with coke production. Elevated levels of DNA adducts were not observed, but the study groups were small. Shale oils are genotoxic in experimental systems. Crude shale oil and oil-shale retort waters were highly mutagenic in S. typhimurium in absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system and demonstrated mutagenic activity in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells in culture. Unfractionated shale oil, and the basic and PAH-containing fractions derived from it, produced a positive response in the morphological cell-transformation assay with Syrian hamster embryo cells. Shale oil induced a significant rise in sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal abnormalities in human lymphocytes in vitro.