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Safety of Transport, Storage and Food Economy:
Published in Andrzej Szymonik, Robert Stanisławski, Supply Chain Security, 2023
Andrzej Szymonik, Robert Stanisławski
An important factor influencing the safety of people and stocks in the warehouse is proper fire protection. These are methodically, realistically developed instructions, collected, efficient fire protection equipment and systematic training guarantee a sense of security against the consequences of possible fires in the warehouse. The causes of fires include (Živanić et al., 2019):arson by a dissatisfied employee, competition;failure to comply with the basic fire protection regulations;faulty electrical, heating and air-conditioning system;self-ignition;lightning and other causes.
Typical fire safety design strategy for tall buildings
Published in Feng Fu, Fire Safety Design for Tall Buildings, 2021
Fire safety design of tall buildings requires engineers to use relevant design measures to protect people and property from fire. When designing new buildings or renovating existing buildings, engineers develop the plan for fire protection. The following are the key goals of a fire safety design for tall buildings (SFPE, 2013): Life safetyProperty protection (such as stability of the building).
Flammability
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
In the United States, the fire code (also fire prevention code or fire safety code) is a model code adopted by the state or local jurisdiction, and enforced by fire prevention officers within municipal fire departments. It is a set of rules prescribing minimum requirements to prevent fire and explosion hazards arising from storage, handling, or use of dangerous materials, or from other specific hazardous conditions. The fire code complements the building code; it is aimed primarily at preventing fires, ensuring that necessary training and equipment are available, and that the original design basis of the building, including the basic plan set out by the architect, is not compromised. The fire code also addresses inspection and maintenance requirements of fire protection equipment in order to maintain optimal active fire protection and passive fire protection measures.
Fire hazard in concrete bridges: review, assessment and mitigation strategies
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
In current practice, fire hazard in buildings is overcome through the provision of active and passive fire protection systems prescribed in buildings codes and standards (International Code Council, 2018; Government of Canada, 2015). In terms of structural fire safety, concrete members are to be provided with minimum concrete cover (thickness) to rebars and also minimum cross-sectional dimensions to achieve required fire resistance requirements. However, there are no specific fire-related provisions in standards for structural members in bridges (AASHTO, 2009; Taly, 2015). Even if designers were to provide similar fire resistance provisions developed for buildings in bridges, this may not yield adequate fire safety due to considerable differences among the key influencing features.
Fire Safety of Historical Buildings: Principles and Methodological Approach
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
A key weakness of the fire safety prescriptive approach is the fact that the overall outcome is never assessed. Codes will deliver solutions that are fitting to the classification; nevertheless, these solutions are not solutions to the fire safety strategy but to the components of the strategy. As an example, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the USA (NFPA Codes and Standards 2018) has two opening codes NFPA1 and NFPA101, NFPA1 states the life safety goals of the code and NFPA 101 the different classifications and the basic principles of the solutions proposed. Other documents within the code will describe in more detail some special classifications (ex. hospitals, industrial facilities, etc.) but in general most other documents within the code will prescribe detailed solutions to the different protection components. As such, documents like NFPA 13 will describe sprinkler systems, NFPA 72 Detection and Alarm systems, etc. Compliance with the code is therefore defined as incorporating the correct components and implementing them adequately. There are no explicit objectives of overall fire safety defined by the codes. Given this approach, it is extremely complex to establish an “equivalent level of safety.” For historic buildings, this is paramount because code compliance then is only possible if all the protection measures prescribe by the code for the occupancy are implemented and implemented according to the requirements of the code.
Performance-based prioritisation of fire protection for steel girder overpasses in a complex highway interchange
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2020
Zheda Zhu, Spencer E. Quiel, Aerik Carlton, Kevin A. Mueller, Shalva M. Marjanishvili
Severe fires due to tanker truck accidents pose a significant hazard to our transportation infrastructure, particularly steel-supported bridges. This article proposes a performance-based framework to evaluate steel-girder overpasses in a complex highway interchange for exposure to fire hazards. The approach accounts for realistic variability in the characteristics, severity, and location of a potential fire. Fire mitigation strategies can be developed based on damage vulnerability and consequences of structural loss. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:The Fire Loading and Mitigation Evaluator (FLaME), developed previously by the authors (Quiel, Yokoyama, Bregman, et al., 2015), efficiently links the actual geometry of a bridge structure with realistic exposure to a tanker truck fire. By representing the fire as a 3D solid flame, the spatial distribution of fire effects can be calculated for all girders in the overpass spans. In this study, FLaME was enhanced to analyse steel girders both with and without passive fire protection. Due to its computational efficiency, FLaME enables probabilistic evaluations of the impact of fire hazards on several neighboring overpass bridges in a complex interchange. The results can then be used to evaluate the risk of damage and the effectiveness of fire protection strategies. Such an evaluation would not feasible using numerical models that are more computationally intensive.Fire protection can be prioritised based on the severity and frequency of potential fire-induced damage. Analyses conducted for the MacArthur Maze highway interchange in Oakland, CA indicated that the two spans that collapsed during a severe 2007 fire event would receive the highest prioritisation among all overpasses in the interchange.Intumescent paint offers a practical solution for applying passive fire protection to steel bridge girders due to its added resistance to the elements and corrosion. A procedure was proposed to determine the amount of intumescent paint that would be required to mitigate fire-induced damage according to a pre-defined performance objective. Relationships between the risk reduction for fire-induced damage and the cost of intumescent paint (expressed as material volume and application labor via the number of coats) can be used as a decision-making tool to maximise the impact of mitigation strategies with limited resources.