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Sources of Air Pollution
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
Smoke is an aerosol of tiny particulates of materials that have not been completely burned. A Ringelmann smoke chart may be used to determine if the plumes of smoke from individual chimneys are within the desired range, reading the visual appearance and optical density of the smoke. The density of a plume is compared to standard shades of grey on the chart between white (0) and black (5). In many countries, power plants are expected to have Ringelmann readings not exceeding 1.
Image Processing-Based Fire Detection Using IoT Devices
Published in Roshani Raut, Salah-ddine Krit, Prasenjit Chatterjee, Machine Vision for Industry 4.0, 2022
Souvik Das, Jyotirmoy Das, O.B. Krishna, J. Maiti
Most warehouses have complex electrical circuits and machinery that could induce a fire in the workspace through malfunctioning. A fire in a warehouse or factory can lead to huge disruption and incur high costs to a company. Hence, a dependable and automated fire detection system is paramount in factory. Conventionally, fire detection methods require dedicated personnel to do round or implement devices. Usually, smoke sensors are used for this purpose. The alarms are set if a proper buildup of smoke is made. In addition, there are chances that it may be unable to detect the smoke because of wind directions. They rely on chemical reactions and hence are susceptible to false-positive alarms. These sensors become highly unreliable in a large warehouse with a variety of activities tacking place. Implementation also has a high cost. Hence an image on a vision-based system helps in real-time detection and can also reduce false alarms. In addition to this, it can also act alone and give a preview of the situation to the responsible authorities.
Energy Auditing
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, Mark B. Spiller, Scott Frazier
A simple smoke generator can also be used in residences, offices, and other buildings to find air infiltration and leakage around doors, windows, ducts, and other structural features. Care must be taken in using this device since the chemical smoke produced may be hazardous, and breathing protection masks may be needed. See section 3.4.1 for additional information on the smoke generation process and the use of smoke generators.
Optimisation of performance parameters of stationary VCR diesel engine using hybrid FTOPSIS-FAHP approach
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Sheetal Kumar Jain, Ghanshyam Das Agrawal, Keshav Gupta, Rohit Misra
Energy generation and pollutants emission scenarios can play a vital role for understanding many issues directly or indirectly related to energy supply and demand, as well as environmental issues such as climate change. In the face of resource scarcity and climate change, the world energy system is going to encounter a major transformation. Over the last years, development of alternative fuels for internal combustion (IC) engines has gained a lot of interest. As far as diesel engines are concerned, their efficiency is highly compared with that of spark ignition (SI) engines; however, they produce high smoke emissions. Smoke emissions depend on the quality of the fuel, the combustion process and the after treatment; hence, these are the parameters through which they can be controlled. These alternatives fuels can be easily used without any changes in the existing engines. In the current scenario, various biodiesels, alcohols, additives and vegetable oils are mixed with the base fuel to improve the efficiency of engines and overcome the problem of fossil fuel depletion (Agarwal 2007; Chen et al. 2012; Damodharan et al. 2018; De Poures et al. 2017; Dhanasekaran et al. 2017; Gupta et al. 2018; Rahman et al. 2013; Rajesh Kumar et al. 2016; Rajesh Kumar et al. 2016a).
Where there’s smoke, there’s fire: focal points for risk communication
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Frans E. Greven, Liesbeth Claassen, Fred Woudenberg, Frans Duijm, Danielle Timmermans
Adverse health effects of fire smoke depend on the dose (duration of exposure and concentration) and the exposure route (inhalation, skin or eye absorption or ingestion). The amount of inhaled smoke is generally more relevant than the source of the fire smoke. Smoke contains toxic substances injurious to airways (Naeher et al. 2007; Stefanidou et al. 2008). The most common effect of short-term exposure to fire smoke is irritation of the eyes and upper airways. In case of severe, long-lasting and repeated exposures, irreversible adverse respiratory effects, such as irritant induced asthma and alveolitis, may occur. Adverse respiratory effects are found in case of chemical or industrial fires (Hoek et al. 2007; Greven et al. 2009). Large wildfires are also associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular effects (Delfino et al. 2009; Analitis et al. 2012). Health effects due to chemical fire smoke mostly occur at relatively short distances and do not affect a large proportion of the population (Upshur et al. 2001; Greven et al. 2009). Long-term health effects, such as cancer, due to a single short-term exposure to any type of fire smoke, are considered very unlikely.
Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using Jatropha biodiesel with alumina nanoparticles
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Nitin Shrivastava, Devanshu Shrivastava, Vipin Shrivastava
Smoke is a mixture of carbon and other particles produced due to burning. It is clear from Figure 7 that smoke increases with the load but is reduced for biodiesel fuel. The main trend of increasing smoke is due to richer fuel charge at higher loads accelerates soot formation (Tan et al. 2012). The graph shows that there was a drastic reduction of about 21% in the smoke emission, when JOME was used in place of neat diesel. Biodiesel has sufficient amount of oxygen which enhances proper combustion and reduces the formation of smoke and soot on burning. Similarly, alumina nanoparticles of 50 and 150 mg/L when added to the fuel, the smoke formation was found to be reduced. Smoke reduction of about 12% at full load conditions were observed with 150mg/L alumina nanoparticles for both diesel and biodiesel. The addition of 50 and 150 mg/L of alumina nanoparticle diesel fuel showed an average of 10.2% and 13.5% reduction in smoke emissions, respectively. The same amount of nanoparticle addition in JOME fuel yielded the 7% and 10.2% reduction in smoke emissions. This is probably because of the reduction in ignition temperature with metallic-based additives during the combustion (Keskin, Gürü, and Altıparmak 2011). Another reason can be the increased rate of evaporation, enhanced ignition characteristics and reduced ignition delay which ensures proper mixing of fuel and a comparatively improved combustion in case of nanofluid (Sadhik Basha and Anand 2011).