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Semantic integration of product model data in fire protection engineering
Published in Manuel Martínez, Raimar Scherer, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 2020
U. Rüppel, M. Lange, A. Wagenknecht
The domain ontology provides the necessary information to formulate domain specific queries. It contains the concepts of the domain and their relationships. This ontology shields the questioner from the schemas of the particular partial models and allows a domain specific (in this case, the fire protection engineering domain) access to the information, stored in different heterogeneous partial product models. The domain ontology consists of concepts and attributes of the different partial models. It covers concepts of the partial model fire protection engineering, like fire resistance class. Furthermore, it contains concepts with geometrical properties, e.g. a wall, coming from the partial model structural design. On this basis queries can be formulated which contain geometrical and fire protection specific aspects. An example would be a fire brake wall which has geometric dimensions but also fire protection properties. As a result, the information of different models (fire protection engineering, structural design) will be acquired and merged.
Occupational Health and Safety
Published in Terry Jacobs, Andrew A. Signore, Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities, 2016
The following overview of each of the key elements provides insight into the engineering and management of fire prevention and protection for pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. Engineering criteria are presented in general terms. Detailed design information can only be developed when the specific fire hazards and risks are available. There are many technical resources available to support fire protection engineering efforts. Agencies such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the United States, the Health Safety Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom, and FM Global produce fire protection reference standards and guidelines for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Many engineering firms also employ fire protection engineers who are well versed in the risks and protection needs of the industry.
The development of fireproof construction in Great Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century
Published in Robert Thorne, Structural Iron and Steel, 1850–1900, 2017
Rather than requiring that new buildings be constructed fireproof, London authorities relied on size limitation. The warehouse class of buildings had been limited to 200,000 cubic feet in the 1844 Building Act; 216,000 in the 1855 Act; and up to 450,000 cubic feet with permission and then limited to 60 feet high in the London County Council Act passed 1890, with a general height limitation of 90 feet plus two storeys in the roof. The architect Horace Cubitt compared London’s laws with those of New York and Boston, and found American laws contained far more rules governing construction: fireproofing of certain buildings, stricter egress requirements, and detailed regulations for safe construction. 101 With respect to fireproof building in Britain, he noted that “the greater proportion of the best class of buildings (in Britain) are now erected of fire-resisting construction, but entirely at the option of the owners, professional opinion here apparently not having yet reached the point of considering compulsory measures desirable.” A comprehensive revision of London’s building laws in 1894 reduced the allowable height of buildings as a fire safety measure, with no objection from the R.I.B.A. committee formed to advise the code writers. But not everyone found this strategy satisfactory. Edwin O. Sachs, an architect and a leading figure in Britain’s early fire protection engineering movement, was critical of London’s Fire Brigade and of building construction in London. He helped form the British Fire Prevention Committee, an organisation devoted to increasing the adoption of “preventive measures” by conducting independent tests of materials, methods and appliances; publishing papers and reports; collecting information on fire prevention; and holding meetings.102
Early design stage evaluation of architectural factors in fire emergency evacuation of the buildings using Pix2Pix and explainable XGBoost model
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2023
Hanieh Nourkojouri, Arman Nikkhah Dehnavi, Sheida Bahadori, Mohammad Tahsildoost
The modelling and simulation processes were conducted in Pathfinder software (“Pathfinder | Thunderhead Engineering.”). The behaviour model for the simulations was steering mode with an update interval of 0.1 s and a minimum flow rate of 0.1. The maximum velocity of the occupants was considered 1.19 m/s, according to the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering principles (Hurley 2015). The occupants’ profiles were a combination of men, women, and children in terms of properties. Some profiles regarding disabled occupants and accessibility regulations have also been considered in accordance with IBC 2021 principles. For instance, the dimensions of the blocks standing for disabled occupants were 1.3 m × 0.75 m with a height of 1 m and a standard occupant is attached to the wheelchair to aid it. The mean velocity of the disabled profiles was considered 1 m/s in accordance with the principles Hurley et al. have presented in Performance-Based Fire Safety Design guide (Hurley and Rosenbaum 2015). All the egress routes have a minimum width of 0.8 m for wheelchair accessibility. Other factors of the simulations were set to the default values of the software. The output of the simulations recorded for further image processing, included the cumulative occupant usage heat-map, which is generated via Pathfinder visualizations. The heat-map represents the points of an architectural layout where the occupants have had more waiting time in the evacuation process.
Designing a Two-Level Steel Cable-stayed Bridge against Fires
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
Zhi Liu, Guobiao Lou, Jing Hou, Guoqiang Li
The emitted radiation from the flame to structural surfaces was reproduced using the solid flame radiation model. Flames were characterized by a solid cylinder, of which the flame height and inclination were calculated according to different empirical equations summarized in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.18 These results were not identical because flame geometries, especially large-scale pool fires, are difficult to model, especially when winds are involved.19 Therefore, based on the results calculated by different models, the flame height of bus or truck fires was evaluated as 5 m, and the flame inclinations were assumed as 30° and 55° in the wind speeds of 5 m/s and 12 m/s, respectively. The tanker fire was assumed to engulf the exposed members due to the significant flame height.
Effect of design code and evacuation information on strategic location of Shelter in Place (SIP) in light rail station
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2022
Young-Hwi Kim, Sun-Jae Yoo, Tian-Feng Yuan, Young-Soo Yoon
First, Density or specific flow is changed according to occupant’s personnel, which affects walking speed. According to the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (Third Edition, 2002), crowd movement is quantitatively specified using three fundamental characteristics, all of which are expressed as rates (SFPE 2002). These are density, speed, and flow. Therefore, the gait speed is most affected by density and flow. Looking at the impact on density first (Figure 2), if the population density is less than 0.54 persons/m2 (0.05 persons/ft2) of the exit route (1.85 m2/person; 20 ft2/person), individuals will move at their own pace, irrespective of the speed of others. If the population density exceeds about 3.8 persons/m2 (0.35 persons/ft2), no movement will take place until a sufficient portion of the crowd has passed from the crowded area to reduce its density. Between the density limits of 0.54 and 3.8 persons/㎡(0.05 and 0.35 persons/ft2) the relationship between speed and density can be considered a linear function expressed as follows: