China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cover Systems for Waste Management Facilities
Published in Robert E. Landreth, Paul A. Rebers, Municipal Solid Wastes, 2020
Settlement and subsidence should be evaluated for all covers and accounted for in the final cover plans. The current operating procedures for RCRA Subtitle C facilities (e.g., banning of liquids and partially filled drums of liquids) usually do not present major settlement or subsidence issues. For RCRA Subtitle D facilities, however, the normal decomposition of the waste will invariably result in settlement and subsidence. Settlement and subsidence can be significant, and special care may be required in designing the final cover system. The cover design process should consider the stability of all the waste layers and their intermediate soil covers, the soil and foundation materials beneath the landfill site, all the liner and leachate collection systems, and all the final cover components. When a significant amount of settlement and subsidence is expected within two to five years of closure, an interim cover that protects human health and the environment might be proposed. Then, when settlement/subsidence is essentially complete, the interim cover could be replaced or incorporated into a final cover.
Landfilling of Wastes
Published in Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell, Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 2017
Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell
When a landfill has reached full capacity and no longer receives waste, a final cover is put in place to minimize infiltration of moisture and erosion. In the United States, the current EPA Subtitle D regulations (Subpart F) require an erosion layer consisting of a minimum of 0.15 m (6 in) of earthen material capable of sustaining natural plant growth. The erosion layer must be underlain with an infiltration barrier layer having a minimum thickness of 0.45 m (18 in.). The infiltration layer must be composed of earthen material that has a permeability less than or equal to the permeability of any bottom liner system or natural soils present, or a permeability of 1 × 10−7 m/s, whichever is smaller. An alternative design may be used if it provides equivalent infiltration and erosion protection.
Landfill—The Ultimate Disposal
Published in Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage, Clarence G. Golueke, Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes, 2018
Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage, Clarence G. Golueke
The minimum depth of the final cover should be 30 cm (12 in.). Therefore the combined (total) depth of the permanent cover is 60 cm ( 24 in.). For special applications the final cover may have to be deeper. For example, if tall shrubbery and trees are to be planted, the depth of the permanent cover should be great enough to accommodate a root growth that does not come in contact with refuse or with gaseous decomposition products. Carbon dioxide and methane may inhibit root hair development through the exclusion of atmospheric oxygen, and also through the formation of carbonic acid in the presence of water. The potential presence of substances toxic to plants is another factor.
Utilization of waste products as alternative landfill liner and cover materials – A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
David A. Rubinos, Giovanni Spagnoli
Recently, compacted peanut shell biochar-amended clay (BAC) has also been evaluated as a novel landfill final cover material (Chen et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2016, 2017). Results showed that the gas permeability of BAC was reduced by increasing the biochar content and degree of compaction, while biochar application also increased soil-water retention capacity of the BAC at high soil suction (48.49–124.56 MPa) (dry condition), and at both low (80%) and high dissolved organic carbon (100%) (Wong et al., 2017). These findings suggest that BAC can be a potential and advantageous landfill final cover material in terms of gas emission and soil-water retention properties, and likely on other aspects, e.g. reduced contaminant leaching and odor mitigation. However, hydraulic and mechanical behavior of BAC should be cautiously characterized (Chen et al., 2016), and additional some issues still need to be elucidated, e.g. the effects of biochar sieving and particle size distribution, and in terms of ecotoxicity effects.
Field and numerical evaluation of breakthrough suction effects in lysimeter design
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Thierry Kahale, Alexandre R. Cabral
The lysimeter, whose dimensions are 5.00 m x 5.00 m x 1.50 m was filled with the same soil bulk (silty sand with some clay) used to construct the final cover of a very old part of the landfill. The placement density was the same inside and outside. Figure 3b is a representative cross-section of the enclosure, where the lysimeter was lined with a 1.50 mm-thick HDPE geomembrane mounted on a wooden frame. A geotextile was installed to protect the geomembrane against perforations from the granular drainage material, composed of sand over gravel – both 0.1 m thick. The top and bottom of the excavation follow a 2% slope. The top slope follows the minimum requirement by the Quebec Landfill Regulation [30].
Modeling methane oxidation in landfill cover soils as indicator of functional stability with respect to gas management
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Jeremy W.F. Morris, Michael D. Caldwell, James M. Obereiner, Sean T. O’Donnell, Terry R. Johnson, Tarek Abichou
In the United States, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are regulated under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which requires a landfill owner/operator (hereafter, operator) to monitor and maintain a closed landfill for what is referred to as the post-closure care (PCC) period (Federal Register 1991). Similar regulations exist in other countries and regions, such as Article 13 of the European Union’s (EU) Landfill Directive (European Council 1999). The four main elements of PCC under Subtitle D include leachate management, groundwater monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the final cover, and control and monitoring of offsite methane (CH4) migration (generally through operation of an active landfill gas control system). Additional federal requirements for control of landfill gas (LFG) emissions exist via the Clean Air Act (CAA). According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), completion of PCC is demonstrated when potential threats to human health and the environment (HHE) are reduced to acceptable levels at the relevant point of exposure (POE), typically the closest property boundary location at which a receptor could be exposed to contaminants via a defined migration pathway (EPA, 1993). EPA delegates final authority for determining what constitutes completion of PCC to the states, although not all states have developed specific regulations or guidance. State regulations are generally divided into those that specify performance-based demonstrations of functional stability in terms of long-term emission potential (e.g., Washington and Florida) and those that require demonstration of organic stabilization within the waste mass (e.g., Wisconsin).