China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Stainless steels are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium. The corrosion resistance of the material is due to the natural passive film of chromium oxide that immediately forms over the material in the presence of oxygen; thus, if the surface is subsequently scratched or damaged, the protective film naturally reforms. The corrosion resistance is increased by the inclusion of nickel and molybdenum as additional alloying components. The standard (austenitic) grades used within construction are 18% chromium, 10% nickel (1.4301) and 17% chromium, 12% nickel, 2.5% molybdenum (1.4401). The 18/10 alloy is suitable for use in rural and lightly polluted urban sites, while the 17/12/2.5 higher-specification alloy is more appropriate for use within normal urban, marine and industrial environments. The marine environment of the elegant Elizabeth Quay cable-stayed pedestrian bridge in Perth, Australia (Fig. 5.18), required the use of stainless steel, both in the reinforced concrete piers and in the superstructure. The cantilevered viewing platform located directly over the rough sea at The Gap, Albany, Western Australia, required the use of duplex (1.4462) stainless steel (Fig. 5.19). Ferritic stainless steel (1.4016) containing only chromium, with a reduced corrosion resistance, is appropriate for internal building use where corrosion is a less critical factor. Standard grades to BS EN 10088-1: 2014 for stainless steels are given in Table 5.10. Extended listings of grades for construction are detailed in BS EN 10088-4: 2009 for flat products and in BS EN 10088-5: 2009 for sections, bars and rods.
Stainless Steel Application and Fabrication in the Biotech Industry
Published in Maik W. Jornitz, Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 2019
Class II alloys are characterized by an extremely low carbon content resulting in an iron-chrome alloy more appropriately defined as a type of iron than as a type of steel. Notwithstanding, this group is designated “ferritic stainless steel,” again based on its microstructure, comprised primarily of ferrite.
Generation IV Technologies
Published in Kenneth D. Kok, Nuclear Engineering Handbook, 2016
Edwin A. Harvego, Richard R. Schultz
The principal R&D issues associated with the LFR are related to fuels and materials. The technology for ferritic stainless steel and metal alloy fuel is reasonably well developed for temperatures up to 550°C. However, in the range of 750°C–800°C, the development of nitride fuels will be required. The development issues include fuel/clad compatibility as well as clad/coolant compatibility. The development of high-temperature structural materials will also be needed.
Experimental evaluation of longitudinal tensile properties of ferritic stainless-steel weldment joined by metal inert gas, pulse metal inert gas, and tungsten inert gas welding
Published in Welding International, 2022
Shahid Hussain, Ajai Kumar Pathak
Ferritic stainless steel (FSS) shows ductility and good strength. It also indicates better corrosion resistance against the environment having different chloride compounds. FSS is employed in the industries like nuclear power and petrochemical [3]. They are mainly described as iron-chromium alloys having a body-centred cubic (BCC) crystal structure. The range of chromium varies from 11% to 30%. FSS shows good formability, a low coefficient of linear expansion, better resistance against stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and high thermal conductivity as compared to austenitic grades. They can be used in areas with less severe corrosive atmosphere, such as furnace parts, oil burner parts, protection tubes, storage vessels, solar water heaters, chemical processing equipment, heat exchangers, petroleum refining equipment, recuperates, electrical appliances, and household appliances [4].
Investigation of mechanical, kinetic and corrosion properties of borided AISI 304, AISI 420 and AISI 430
Published in Surface Engineering, 2021
Stainless steels have three main types of microstructures: namely – ferritic, austenitic, and martensitic. They are highly significant in the field of automotive, nuclear, biomedical, and chemical applications [18,19]. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with non-magnetic properties is the most widely used type of stainless steel. It has a wide spectrum of applications such as nuclear reactor systems, medical applications, food industry, and is sensitive to the chlorite atmosphere [1,18,19]. The AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel is primarily composed of iron and chromium. However, these stainless steels are sensitive to intergranular corrosion, which causes limitations in their application in the automotive industry. Thus, The AISI 420 martensitic stainless steels are mainly used in the industry due to its superior mechanical properties, which are only affected by the concentration of chloride ions in the environment, as shown, AISI 304 [2,18].
Optimization of A-TIG process parameters using response surface methodology
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2018
Ravi Shanker Vidyarthy, Dheerendra Kumar Dwivedi, Vasudevan Muthukumaran
The ferritic stainless steel (FSS) used in this work is extensively used in exhaust pipes of automotive, railway wagons, and chemical plants because of its attractive corrosion resistance in corrosive environment [1]. The Conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding is commonly used for the fabrication of the FSS because of its capacity to produce high-quality welds with excellent surface finish. However, the low depth of penetration (DOP) in a single pass (thickness ≤3 mm) confines its application [2, 3]. The Activating Flux Tungsten Inert Gas (A-TIG) welding is a new developing form of the conventional TIG welding process and is used for thicker gauge materials [456]. A-TIG was developed at Paton Electric Welding Institute in the early 1960s to overcome the limitation of TIG welding by increasing the DOP [7]. Tathgir et al. [3, 8] used 14 different fluxes during the A-TIG welding of AISI 304, AISI 316, Duplex 2205, and AISI 4340. Their work described that weld bead geometry depends on metal system. The DOP in duplex 2205 was maximum with SiO2, while TiO2 gave maximum DOP in AISI 4340 ferritic steel. Kumar et al. [9] proposed that SiO2 could be used to increase the DOP during A-TIG welding of Incoloy 800H. Ahmadi et al. [10] reported that SiO2 increased the DOP and reduced the bead width (BW) of the 316L austenitic stainless steel during A-TIG welding process. The increased DOP during A-TIG welding process was primarily attributed to the arc constriction and the reversal of Marangoni convection [111213141516]. The arc constriction primarily depends on the type of fluxes and their compositions, whereas the reversal in Marangoni convection is influenced by chemical and physical properties of the material such as the presence of alloying elements and their concentration, thermal conductivity, and viscosity at elevated temperature [13, 17].