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Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
A major use for FGD systems has been to control sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from large coal-fired power plants. Depending on S content, the 1979–1990 NSPSs for coal-fired power plants required a 70%–90% reduction of SO2 emissions using FGD systems. The average design efficiency for new and retrofit FGD systems applied to coal-fired power plants was 82% and 76%, respectively. After the 1990s, new systems were designed with more than 95% efficiency.
Acid Rain
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Industry has mainly chosen the flue–gas desulfurization process (FGD) to combat SO2 emissions. FGD uses sorbents such as limestone to soak up (or scrub) SO2 from exhaust gases. This technology, which is capable of reducing SO2 emissions by up to 95%, can be added to existing coal-fired boilers [4]. FGD has several drawbacks. The control equipment is very expensive and bulky. Smaller facilities do not always have the capital or the space needed for FGD equipment. If, however, the sorbent could be injected into existing ductwork, the cost of the reaction vessel could be eliminated, and it would be much easier to retrofit controls on a wider range of sources.
Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors in Facilitated Transport-Based Separations – Fundamentals and Applications
Published in Anil K. Pabby, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Ana-Maria Sastre, Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors, 2020
M. Fallanza, A. Ortiz, D. Gorri, I. Ortiz
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are the major air pollutant which is emitted from the stationary sources such as power plants, incinerators, and combustors [44,48]. It is well known that sulfur dioxide emissions cause a direct atmospheric impact leading to acid rain, photochemical smog, and harm to human health and ecosystems [49,50]. The most effective technology for SO2 removal is the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) process using limestone slurry as a scrubbing solution. This process has been widely accepted because of its low cost, simple operation, and high SO2 removal efficiency compared to other alternatives. However, these processes require large equipment so in the near future are meant to be replaced by more compact, cheap, and modular devices such as hollow fiber membrane contactors [51,52].
Public health impact of coal-fired power plants: a critical systematic review of the epidemiological literature
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is a process by which fly ash containing particulates and SO2 is removed through an absorbent material such as limestone (Srivastava and Jozewicz 2001). Since 1997 FGD equipment has been gradually installed at all 13 units of the Mae Moh coal-fired power plant in northern Thailand. By utilizing an impact pathway approach, Thanh and Lefevre (2001) studied the potential health benefits of reducing PM10 and SO2 emissions following the FGD installation. Installation of FGD units at the Mae Moh power plant resulted in a 98% reduction of SO2 and 60% reduction of PM emissions. The authors estimated that reduction of emissions in just one of the 300-MW coal-fired units resulted in an annual decrease of 16 cases of acute mortality, 12 cases of respiratory and cardiac hospital admissions, and approximately 354,000 fewer days with acute respiratory symptoms annually. In monetary terms, the benefit was equivalent to US $18.2 million (1995 prices) annually. When extended across all 13 units the total direct health savings would be $159.25 million annually. The study only assessed decreased morbidity and mortality associated with decreased PM and SO2 emissions and did not estimate PAH and metal emission decrease and did not quantify cancer-related health effects.
Industrial wastewater treatment by plant-based bio-filtration
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Jessica de Oliveira Demarco, Stacy L. Hutchinson, Leonardo M. Bastos, Ganga Hettiarachchi, Mohammad Almutari, Emily Nottingham
The FGD process is a commonly used technology applied for the removal of SO2 from flue gas and can also remove some heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury, and selenium (Lefers et al. 1987; [USEPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009; Zhang et al. 2016). In this way, FGD wastewater is characterized by an extremely complex composition matrix. Major constituents also often include chloride, sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium as well as dissolved silica and borate (Huang et al. 2013). Thus, FGD wastewater must be treated to eliminate these contaminants to achieve discharge limitations established under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System and Clean Water Act (Sundberg-Jones and Hassan 2007).
Investigation of aerosol and gas emissions from a coal-fired power plant under various operating conditions
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Zhichao Li, Yang Wang, Yongqi Lu, Pratim Biswas
Coal-fired power plants have been regarded as primary contributors to particulate matter (PM) (Guttikunda and Jawahar 2014; Xiong, Jiang, and Gao 2016; Xu et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2013), acidic gas (SO2, NOx) (Guttikunda and Jawahar 2014; Xiong, Jiang, and Gao 2016; Xu et al. 2017), and greenhouse gas (CO2) (Dang, Mba Wright, and Brown 2015; Liu et al. 2015; Tola et al. 2016) emissions. A source apportionment study showed that the contributions of sulfate and nitrate to PM2.5 from coal-fired power plants around the Yangtze River Delta region in China ranged between 37.3 and 72.7% and between 45.0 and 73.8%, respectively (Li et al. 2015a). For the same region in China, it was also reported that about 97% and 86% of the total SO2 and NOx emissions could be attributed to coal-fired power plants and other industrial facilities (Huang et al. 2011). Other researchers used continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data to conclude that U.S. coal-fired power plants were responsible for the largest annual CO2 emissions of all sources of combustion in the United States over the last decade (De Gouw et al., 2014). To address the issues of all these types of pollutants, various pollution control technologies are applied in electricity generation units (EGUs). Particle control devices, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and bag-house filters, have been widely applied downstream of coal boilers in power plants due to their high efficiency in removing fine particles. Huang et al. found that a lab-scale single-stage ESP could achieve >99% collection efficiency of particles with a diameter less than 20 nm (Huang and Chen 2002). Also, it has been demonstrated that a bag-house filter in a 220-MW coal-fired power plant could collect 99.57% of PM10 (Yi et al. 2008). Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) (Meij and Te Winkel 2004; Zhao et al. 2008) technology has proven similarly effective in removing SO2. Meanwhile, the amine-based CO2 scrubbers are widely studied and well-established technologies for CO2 capture because they have great potential to be energy efficient with process and solvent improvements (Rochelle 2009).