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Energy and Environment
Published in T.M. Aggarwal, Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants, 2021
Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and Flue-gas desulfurization. As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates this is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains nitrogen along with combustion products carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators. Once removed, the fly ash by product can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete. This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the U.S. has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power plants.
Comparing Heterotrophic with Phototrophic PHA Production
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Ines Fritz, Katharina Meixner, Markus Neureiter, Bernhard Drosg
The main driver for using flue gases is the chance to reduce CO2 emissions. However, the demand for its biological carbon capture and utilization may not always be synchronous to the emission. In temperate climates, combustion for energy and heat is more intense during winter while the daylength and light intensity is the lowest, resulting in the slowest phototrophic growth.
Removing Carbon Dioxide from the Air to Stabilise the Climate
Published in Subhas K Sikdar, Frank Princiotta, Advances in Carbon Management Technologies, 2020
Both BECCS and DACCS envisage carbon dioxide stored in a compressed state (super-critical if the pressure exceeds 74 bar) underground in geological formations where it would remain stable for a long period of time. This kind of storage is also expected to be used for storing the carbon dioxide captured from flue gas.
Assessment of performance, exhaust, and combustion-related parameters of unheated and preheated RBME on diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Raj Kumar Gangwar, Sachin Kamboj, Jitender Maharshi, Saifullah Zaphar
The Testo 350 S/M/XL flue gas analyzer was employed to measure emission. This instrument follows ASTM – D6522 emission measurement standards, and is calibrated automatically by measuring quantity of oxygen in air. For measurement purpose, exhaust gasses are allowed to surge through a probe of instrument during steady state operation of engine. To remove sucked gases, a condensation trap is used. Exhaust gases are analyzed inside the analyzer and values of measured quantities, CO, CO2, HC, and NOx are displayed on display. CO and NOx are assessed through electrochemical measurement cells; while, HC and CO2 are assessed by Pellister heat detector and Infrared, respectively. Specifications of Testo 350 S/M/XL flue gas analyzer are given in Table 8.
Influence of Forest Combustible Material on the Characteristics and Conditions of Ignition of Bio-coal Water Fuels
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
G.V. Kuznetsov, D. Yu Malyshev, S.V. Syrodoy, N. Yu Gutareva, Zh.A. Kostoreva
An alternative to gas and oil in the energy sector can be coal. Oil reserves are enough for 40 years, gas for 60 years, and coal for at least 270 years (Tong et al. 2018). Therefore, the coal technologies in the power system are the most attractive in the long term (Xu et al. 2017; Miller, 2017b; Towler 2014). But it is worth noting that the traditional methods of burning coal have a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) are formed in the combustion of coal in large quantities. The latter are the cause of acid rain, which destroy forests, plants, and poison water bodies. Flue gases harm not only the environment, but also living organisms. Once in the bloodstream, SOx and NOx enter into reactions at the cellular level, which leads to impaired cardiac activity (Barnes 1993; Munawer 2018; Sh. et al. 2019b). In addition, a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide (> 1500 mg/m3) in the air causes a decrease in pulmonary function and also leads to genetic mutations (Liu and Hotchkiss. 1995).
Simultaneous removal of NOx, SO2, and Hg from flue gas in FGD absorber with oxidant injection (NaClO2)– full-scale investigation
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Maria Jędrusik, Dariusz Łuszkiewicz, Arkadiusz Świerczok, Mieczysław Adam Gostomczyk, Mariola Kobylańska-Pawlisz
The most onerous atmospheric gas pollutants include nitrogen oxides NOx (NO and NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM 10 and 2.5), and heavy metals including mercury (Carpenter, 2013). The pollutants are mostly the products of the combustion processes of solid fuels, and the energy, heating, and transport industries are their primary emission sources (Tavoulareas and Józewicz 2005). All developed countries regulate the emissions of these pollutants (EU Commission, 2017; US EPA, 2018a, 2018b). The restrictive emission standards for these pollutants open the way for the application of high-efficiency methods of simultaneous removal of many pollutants within one flue gas cleaning system (Carpenter, 2013). Until now, their use has been limited due to the availability of methods aimed at one pollution; e.g., SCR is used for nitrogen oxides; semi-dry and wet installations of flue gas desulfurization are used for acid gases (SO2, HF, and HCl) (Tavoulareas and Józewicz 2005); and activated carbon addition to exhaust is used for mercury control (Srivastava et al. 2006). The pursuit of a “zero-emission” economy model means that the existing flue gas cleaning systems may be insufficient in the near future. Therefore, new methods should be sought that will allow achieving minimal concentrations of contaminants in the stack both for large (> 50 MWt) and smaller (<50 MWt) power facilities.