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Introduction
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Several physico-chemical separation processes are involved in the purification of products such as solid-liquid separators, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, evaporator etc. Examples of solid-liquid separation processes are filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation etc. Filtration processes depends not only on the size of the particles but also their characteristics. For example, centrifuging is considered for the separation of bacterial cells because their size varies from 0.5 to 2 µm; plate and frame filter press is used for the separation of yeast cells of size 3–7 µm; rotary vacuum filter (RVF) for the separation of fungi or moulds with size of several mm. Several other solid-liquid separation processes are in practice in the citric acid producing industry, such as pannevis filter, gypsum filter etc. Different types of evaporator are used in the industries for the enhancement of product concentration such as falling film evaporator, natural/forced circulation evaporator, multiple-effect evaporators etc. Several dryers are largely used by the chemical and biochemical industries, such as rotary drum dryer, spray dryer etc. In addition different types of valves, pumps, heat exchangers and chillers are also required in the fermentation industries.
Zero Liquid Discharge
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
Ashok K. Rathoure, Tinkal Patel, Devyani Bagrecha
Evaporators can minimize the production of waste and increase the potential for valuable materials from those wastes. MEEs are common to industries that concentrate different products, regenerate solvents or separate solid-liquid mixtures. Process integration can help to choose the best configuration of MEE in order to achieve a more efficient process in the sense of energy use (Ghosna, 2012). Industries have installed a multiple effect evaporator for the treatment of industrial effluent with adequate capacity. The condensate water generated from the MEE shall be used in processing neutral effluent from a primary treatment plant passed through three stages. Figure 2.3 shows the three-stage process of MEE. The evaporator system and the evaporated water is collected in an evaporated water collection tank and then recycled to the plant after filtering through a sand filter and a carbon filter. In simple terms, evaporation is the process of concentrating a solution to remove the excess solvent so as to obtain a final product rich in solute concentration. And an evaporator is used to carry out this process by using steam as a heating medium in most of the cases (Gautami, 2011).
Total Dissolved Solids in Ground Water
Published in Evan K. Nyer, Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation, 2019
Evaporators use a heat source to concentrate a solution or to recover dissolved solids by boiling out the solvent, which is generally water. Special provisions for separating the liquid and vapor phases and for removal of the precipitated or crystallized solids are provided. The different types of evaporators use various methods to accomplish these tasks.
Optimisation of the evaporator of a refrigerator employing hydrocarbon as a refrigerant
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
If the above-mentioned operating conditions are employed then the cost of the evaporator becomes higher compared to the conventional evaporators. Thus the optimisation of the hydrocarbon evaporator becomes mandatory for the marketing purpose (Longo 2011).