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Geothermal water treatment in Poland
Published in Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Geothermal Water Management, 2018
Concentrate (or brine) is generated as a by-product of the separation of the minerals from source water used for desalination (Bodzek and Konieczny, 2011; Voutchkov, 2011). The characteristics of the waste stream depend on the quality of the feed water, the quality of the produced water (dependent on recovery levels), the pre-treatment method (added chemicals) and the cleaning procedures used (Bodzek and Konieczny, 2011; Péréz-González et al., 2012; Voutchkov, 2011). In sea water desalination, the concentrate is usually discharged back into the sea. More difficulty is generally expected when desalination systems are operated inland. The concentration of minerals and contaminants in concentrate is usually approximately double (or higher) that in feed water (Bodzek and Konieczny, 2011; Péréz-González et al., 2012; Voutchkov, 2011). Therefore, the manner in which the concentrate is disposed of will largely determine the cost of desalinating water in an inland setting (Tomaszewska et al., 2014).
Disinfection Equipment
Published in Don Renner, Hands-On Water/Wastewater Equipment Maintenance, 2017
6.101 Feed water solution enters one end of the wound element and flows down its length (Figure 6.19). As it passes down the spacer membrane, permeate passes through the covering membrane into the polyester fabric and eventually to the permeate tube and out of the discharge piping. Feed solution that does not give up the permeate continues to flow through the spacer membrane ending up as a concentrate solution on the disharge end of the cylinder. At this point, the concentrate can be discharged to waste or processed to remove the concentrate and the remainder recyled back into the feed solution stream.
Chlorinated Paraffins
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Lubricant Additives, 2017
Chlorinated paraffins are used extensively in emulsion metalworking fluids, commonly called soluble oils. Formulations are usually designed for a concentrate that is then diluted with water. Typical general-purpose soluble oil and semi-synthetic concentrate formulas are shown in Tables 10.4 and 10.5.
Treatment options for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater treatment: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Kimmo Arola, Bart Van der Bruggen, Mika Mänttäri, Mari Kallioinen
Various membrane based processes such as electrodialysis, forward osmosis, membrane contactors and shear enhanced membrane filtration have been tested to treat nanofiltration or reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater treatment (Arola, Kallioinen, Reinikainen, Hatakka, & Mänttäri, 2017; Arola, Kallioinen, & Mänttäri, 2014; Jamil, Loganathan, Kazner, & Vigneswaran, 2015; Naidu, Jeong, Choi, & Vigneswaran, 2017; Zhang et al., 2009). The aim in these concentrate treatment processes has been in the concentration and recovery of nutrients or salts, minimization of concentrate volume, concentration of organics or enhancement of water recoveries.