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Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste as per Indian Legislation
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
Ashok K. Rathoure, Unnati Patel
Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 were notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and further amendments made thereof, the Central Government vide G.S.R. 343(E) dated 28 March 2016 published the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. This rule apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle bio medical waste in any form including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories, blood banks, clinical establishments, research or educational institutions, health camps, medical or surgical camps, vaccination camps, blood donation camps, first aid rooms of schools, forensic laboratories and research labs (CPCB, 2017a). Biomedical waste means any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps (CPCB, 2016b).
Comparative Correlation Through Case Studies
Published in Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh, Climate Changes and Epidemiological Hotspots, 2022
Debleena Bhattacharya, V K Singh
The disposal of biomedical waste plays an important role in safeguarding the environment. Described herewith are some of the technologies implemented for biomedical waste treatment (Khadem et al., 2016): Landfilling – This is the most primitive method of disposal of biomedical waste in undeveloped nations. These types of disposal cause contamination of soil and water, spreading of pathogens and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Though it is economical and easy to operate, the risk of contamination is high.Sterilization – This method is preferred in many countries as it provides excellent efficiency, less treatment time, low cost, less emission of GHGs apart from being environment friendly.Incineration – The biomedical waste incineration is suitable for all waste types. This method reduces the volume of the waste and hence has high potential for recovery as well as providing safe disposal.Microwaving – This is the most efficient and environment-friendly technology, which reduces the waste volume, does not generate liquid waste and minimizes air pollutants. High cost, selective waste treatment, odour problems and high emission of GHGs are some of the disadvantages.Plasma pyrolysis – This is suitable for all waste types, occupies less space, is environmentally-friendly, chimney is not required for emission, toxic residuals are minimum, doesn’t require segregation of wastes, energy recovery, and waste volume reduction by 90%.
Recent Trends in Bio-Medical Waste, Challenges and Opportunities
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
The majority of the garbage created by health care facilities is non-hazardous trash (about 85%). It consists of food scraps, paper cartons, packing materials, fruit peels, and wash water, among other things. At different times over the years, the term “potentially contagious garbage” has been used in scientific literature, guideline manuals, and guidelines for infectious waste. Medical waste that is infectious, dangerous, red bagged, or contaminated, as well as regulated and non-controlled medical waste, are all instances. Although the designations used in legislation are usually more precise, they all relate to the same kind of trash [1–5]. Waste collects and is kept in the areas and stages between the point of garbage generation and the point of waste treatment and disposal. While accumulation refers to the temporary storage of small quantities of trash at the point of production, waste storage refers to lengthy storage periods and large waste volumes. A majority of the time, storage facilities are close to where the garbage is collected. Biomedical waste is described as “any solid or liquid waste, including its container and any intermediate product, generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunisation of people or animals.” Biological waste is generated in a variety of settings, including hospitals; nursing homes; clinics; laboratories; physicians, dentists, and veterinarian offices; home health care; and funeral homes. It must be treated with caution in order to safeguard the general public, especially healthcare and sanitation workers who are frequently exposed to biological waste as a job hazard. As a consequence, little study has been done on infection transmission via medical waste. According to the American Dental Association and the Centers for Disease Control, medical waste disposal must adhere to strict guidelines. Any health care management approach must include appropriate waste processing, treatment, and disposal. Protecting health care personnel, patients, and the surrounding community is easier with the right strategy [6–10].
Insights on the current status of effective strategies for waste management in COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2023
Divya P. Barai, Bharat A. Bhanvase
The hospitals and other medical facilities have faced a sudden surge in the generated waste as soon as the pandemic started. The waste generated in such facilities is known as biomedical waste and is typically classified as infectious, hazardous, radioactive and general waste. The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to generation of all types of wastes. Firstly, there has been an increase in the number of blood specimens which are sent for pathological diagnosis. This is due to increased testing requirements. The proper disposal of such body fluids after certain tests are conducted requires standard procedures. At the same time, the sharps including needles, syringes and glass used for blood collection also have a potential to spread the infection and therefore require proper care before disposal. Similarly, other items like containers, tubes and tubing used while the processes also must have proper disposal procedures. Furthermore, even though there hasn’t been a typical drug for fully and selectively curing COVID-19 infection, several drugs and vitamin supplements have been prescribed which increased their requirement and thus the related waste generation.
Site selection and environmental risks assessment of medical solid waste landfill for the City of Kermanshah-Iran
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Hazhir Karimi, Bengin Herki, Sirwa Qader Gardi, Saman Galalizadeh, Hooshyar Hossini, Karamreza Mirzaei, Meghdad Pirsaheb
Medical or hospital wastes are generated by healthcare centers, laboratories, hospitals, medical centers, and research centers (Sachan 2012). The nature of medical wastes is not the same as the municipal or other types of the wastes, so it should not be dumped with municipal waste. Medical wastes must be managed in proper processing and follow biomedical waste rules since they have a higher potential for infection and severe damage to human health and the environment (Ghosh and Thakur 2017). Exposure to medical wastes can lead to diseases such as skin and blood infection, respiratory infections, Hepatitis B, HIV, and cancers (Bokhoree et al. 2014).
Challenges in municipal solid waste management: a key
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Balamurugan Rajendiran, Arun Arumugam, Sudagar Subramaniam
Hazardous waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary movement) Rules (1989, amended January 2003, August 2010): It is to control, manage and handle hazardous waste. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules (1998): It is related to control, manage, and handle waste generated from hospital, superspeciality centres and nursing homes. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000: These rules are applicable for MSW and are implemented by ULBs for scientific management.