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Global Outlook on the Availability of Critical Metals and Recycling Prospects from Rechargeable Batteries
Published in Abhilash, Ata Akcil, Critical and Rare Earth Elements, 2019
Pratima Meshram, B.D. Pandey, Abhilash
The common cobalt-bearing minerals found in economic deposits include erythrite, skutterudite, cobaltite, linnaeite, carrollite, and asbolite (asbolane). Cobalt is also found in chemical compounds often associated with sulfur and arsenic (Table 2.2). Though some cobalt is produced from metallic-lustered ores like cobaltite (CoAsS) and linnaeite (Co3S4), it is industrially produced as a byproduct of copper, nickel, and lead. While nickel laterites are mostly processed directly, other Co-bearing ores are beneficiated (by flotation or gravity methods) to produce concentrates, which are hydrometallurgically processed to extract cobalt (Shedd, 2004). Cobalt present as a byproduct of copper is concentrated (sulfides) and converted to oxides by roasting. The oxide is leached in sulfuric acid dissolving metals more reactive than copper, particularly Fe, Co, and Ni as sulfates. After removing iron as iron oxide, cobalt is precipitated as Co(OH)3, which is roasted and then reduced to cobalt metal with charcoal or hydrogen gas (Panayotova and Panayotov, 2014).
Advanced Review on Extraction of Nickel from Primary and Secondary Sources
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2019
Pratima Meshram, Banshi Dhar Pandey
Yüce et al. (2007) observed widespread chromite mineralization in the nickel sulfide ore of the Marmara district of Turkey. Some amounts of magnetite and chromite exist in the ore together with sulfide and oxide type nickel minerals. The ore sample contains 1.32% Ni, 10.79% SiO2, 78.39% Fe2O3, 1.3 g/t Ag, and 1.0 g/t Au. The ore sample is constituted of about 70% magnetite, 15% sulfide minerals, and 5% chromite and iron oxides, as well as 10% gangue minerals. Nickel mineralization in the ore such as pentlandite, violarite, millerite awaruite and asbolane was determined. Due to the complex structure of mineralization, a combination of gravity separation and flotation methods was applied for the concentration of nickel sulfide and oxide ores. A nickel concentrate containing 12.32% Ni was produced with 89.7% recovery and final tailings with 0.088% Ni can be disposed with 4.9% of metal loss.
Effects of leaching parameters on the dissolution of nickel, cobalt, manganese and iron from Caldag lateritic nickel ore in hydrochloric acid solution
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2020
Soner Top, Sait Kursunoglu, Zela Tanlega Ichlas
High metal dissolutions were achieved from the nickel laterite ore using hydrochloric acid under atmospheric pressure conditions. The effects of leaching time temperature, acid concentration and particle size on metal dissolutions were experimentally investigated. The highest dissolutions in the present study for −0.53 mm material using a solid/liquid ratio of 1/5 and 8 h leaching time were obtained with 3.0 M hydrochloric acid, at, 90°C. Under these experimental conditions, 95.8% Ni, 94.5% Co, 94.3% Mn and 81.5% Fe were extracted into the leach solution. The increases in the metal dissolutions as a function of time were relatively small after the first 2 h of leaching probably because the remaining metals were hosted in relatively refractory mineral phases. The obtained data demonstrated that hydrochloric acid concentration and leaching temperature had a strong effect on metal dissolution. The analysis of the correlation of nickel and cobalt with manganese dissolutions indicated these metals were not only hosted in the asbolane phase but were also presented in goethite, haematite and clay mineral phases. The semi-quantitative XRD analysis of the leach residue revealed that the dissolution order of the minerals was calcite > goethite > haematite > lizardite ≥ chlorite-serpentine > asbolane > albite > kaolinite.. The hydrochloric acid consumption at the preferred conditions from the range tested was found to be 543 kg t–1 ore. Based on the experimental results obtained from the present study, hydrochloric acid could be used as an alternative lixiviant for nickel and cobalt dissolutions from the Caldag laterite ore at atmospheric pressure leaching condition.
Abstracts from the 2017–2018 Mineral Deposits Studies Group meeting
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2018
L. Santoro, St. Tshipeng Yav, E. Pirard, A. Kaniki, G. Arfè, N. Mondillo, M. Boni, M. Joachimski, G. Balassone, A. Mormone, A. Cauceglia, N. Mondillo, G. Balassone, M. Boni, W. Robb, T. L. Smith, David Currie, Finlay Stuart, John Faithfull, Adrian Boyce, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, F. Putzolu, M. Boni, N. Mondillo, F. Pirajno, N. Mondillo, C. Chelle-Michou, M. Boni, S. Cretella, G. Scognamiglio, M. Tarallo, G. Arfè, Saltanat Aitbaeva, Marina Mizernaya, Boris Dyachkov, Andrew J Martin, Iain McDonald, Christopher J MacLeod, Katie McFall, Hazel M Prichard, Gawen R T Jenkin, B. Kennedy, I. McDonald, D. Tanner, L. Longridge, A. M. Borst, A. A. Finch, H. Friis, N. J. Horsburgh, P. N. Gamaletsos, J. Goettlicher, R. Steininger, K. Geraki, Jonathan Cloutier, Stephen J. Piercey, Connor Allen, Craig Storey, James Darling, Stephanie Lasalle, A. Dobrzanski, L. Kirstein, R. Walcott, I. Butler, B. Ngwenya, Andrew Dobrzanski, Simon Howard, Lore Troalen, Peter Davidson, Rachel Walcott, Drew Drummond, Jonathan Cloutier, Drew Drummond, Adrian Boyce, Robert Blakeman, John Ashton, Eva Marquis, Kathryn Goodenough, Guillaume Estrade, Martin Smith, E. Zygouri, S. P. Kilias, T. Zack, I. Pitcairn, E. Chi Fru, P. Nomikou, A. Argyraki, M. Ivarsson, Adrian A. Finch, Anouk M. Borst, William Hutchison, Nicola J. Horsburgh, Tom Andersen, Siri Simonsen, Hamidullah Waizy, Norman Moles, Martin Smith, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Paul Dennis, Brett Davidheiser-Kroll, Alina Marca, Jamie Wilkinson, Adrian Boyce, John Güven, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, Aileen L. Doran, Stephen J. Piercey, Mark R. Cooper, J. Stephen Daly, Oakley Turner, Brian McConnell, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Hannah S. R. Hughes, Magdalena M. Matusiak-Małek, Iain McDonald, Ben Williamson, James Williams, Guy Dishaw, Harri Rees, Roger Key, Simon Bate, Andy Moore, Katie McFall, Iain McDonald, Dominque Tanner, Manuel Keith, Karsten M. Haase, Daniel J. Smith, Reiner Klemd, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Wolfgang Bach, Sam J Walding, Gawen RT Jenkin, Daniel James, David Clark, Lisa Hart-Madigan, Robin Armstrong, Jamie Wilkinson, Gawen RT Jenkin, Hugh Graham, Daniel J Smith, Andrew P Abbott, David A Holwell, Eva Zygouri, Robert C Harris, Christopher J Stanley, Hannah L.J. Grant, Mark D. Hannington, Sven Petersen, Matthias Frische, Fei Zhang, Ben J. Williamson, Hannah Hughes, Joshua Smiles, Manuel Keith, Daniel J. Smith, Chetan Nathwani, Robert Sievwright, Jamie Wilkinson, Matthew Loader, Daryl E. Blanks, David A. Holwell, W.D. Smith, J.R. Darling, D.S. Bullen, R.C. Scrivener, Aileen L. Doran, Steven P. Hollis, Julian F. Menuge, John Güven, Adrian J. Boyce, Oakley Turner, Sam Broom-Fendley, Aoife E Brady, Karen Hudson-Edwards, Oakley Turner, Steve Hollis, Sean McClenaghan, Aileen Doran, John Güven, Emily K. Fallon, Richard Brooker, Thomas Scott
Cobalt in the Congolese Copperbelt mines is commonly recovered from Co-oxi-hydroxides (i.e. heterogenite, asbolane) by acid-leaching under reducing conditions. However, most operations face a limit in the leaching yields of cobalt, which usually do not exceed 80%. The main aim of this work was to investigate the causes of the poor recovery, in order to reconcile the Co recovery with processing techniques. Several concentrate samples from different mine plants of Katanga Copperbelt (Kalukuluku, Mutanda, Mabaya, Kamwali and Fungurume) were selected and subjected to a full mineralogical characterisation by Optical Microscopy (OM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), automated mineralogy and Scanning Electron Microscopy by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) prior and after leaching tests. OM and XRD results were used as background information to build a mineral list for mineral identification during automated mineralogy analyses by Mineralogic Mining System (Zeiss ltd.). Automated mineralogy allowed obtaining mineral maps, modal mineralogy, chemical assays and Co deportment for each specimen prior and after leaching. Mineral maps of the leached samples were useful to observe the occurrences of poorly leached Co-bearing particles which were further investigated by SEM-EDS and X-mapping. The results showed that heterogenite (rarely associated with asbolane) is the main cobalt mineral in Katanga. Mineralogic Mining System was able to discriminate between pure heterogenite, and Si-Al-K-bearing heterogenite, asbolane/heterogenite, Heterogenite+Fe-oxi-hydroxide and Co-bearing mixed phases, which resulted more refractory to leaching. The comparison between modal mineralogy of pre- and post-leached samples indicates a decrease, but not a full leaching of these Co phases: chemical assays and Co-deportment, in fact, still reveal the presence of low Co% within Co phases listed above (Table 1). SEM-EDS and X-mapping on single particles of some specimens corroborated the results obtained by Mineralogic.