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Artificial Turf
Published in Franz Konstantin Fuss, Aleksandar Subic, Martin Strangwood, Rabindra Mehta, Routledge Handbook of Sports Technology and Engineering, 2013
Peter Sandkuehler, Allan McLennaghan, Thomas Allgeuer
The higher durability of artificial turf and its synthetic nature mean that it requires less maintenance, no fertiliser and consumes less water, which translates into some economic advantages. Although a high-quality artificial turf field is more expensive to install initially than a natural turf, it lasts longer and has lower maintenance and reinvestment costs. The higher usage pattern improves the return on investment further. To maximise the positive environmental and economic impact of artificial turf, a careful selection of its components and construction is advisable, and the whole system should be reviewed holistically. Recyclability of the artificial turf at the end of its life becomes more important as fields needs replacement. Another driver for ongoing technology development is the heat-build up on artificial turf pitches on hot sunny days. The aim is to build systems where heat can be managed in cost effective and environmentally responsible ways.
A Brief History of 3D Printing
Published in Thomas Birtchnell, John Urry, A New Industrial Future?, 2016
There are numerous examples of technologies that are socially constructed: bicycles, QWERTY keyboards, automobiles, and so on. We have our own favourites here too. The services of a dental filling or facing are certainly comparative to those that teeth provide for eating or experiencing taste. Artificial turf is a common substitute for grass in sports venues due to lower costs and greater resilience. Electronic synthesizers and drum machines surely do replace drummers and other band members in genres of electronic music. As these examples show, while substitutive technologies do impact upon human actions, there is a two-way relationship, as humans and societies also impact upon technologies’ designs, uses and contexts. So a middle position is to acknowledge that substitution does occur – however, this is not to say that these technologies are of the same nature, kind, or quality as those phenomena that they replace. While fillings give the added benefit of alleviating discomfort from caries, few are likely to trade in their teeth from birth for a set of dentures. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) continues to elect grass for their World Cup fixtures – the 2015 Women’s World Cup was a provocative exception – even for 2022’s water-scarce host Qatar.11 The composers of popular genres of electronic dance music continue to reuse and repurpose sound samples – Gregory Coleman’s ‘amen’ is a popular choice – of drummers from the 1960s due to their unique character and feel that are impossible to replicate.12 All of these examples show that socio-technical transitions do not turn out to be a like-for-like substitution.
Influence of Soccer Shoe Construction on Performance and Injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Ewald M. Hennig, Katharina Althoff
Many researchers believe that the type of footwear, as well as playing surface, have an influence on injury risks in soccer. Shoes and surfaces that provide high traction during cutting and turning movements are likely to increase the risk of ankle sprains. A high torsional resistance for the forefoot during turning movements is also believed to cause a higher risk of knee injuries. However, there is surprisingly little or no evidence that there is a relationship between traction properties and injury risk. Studies on the effect of artificial turf on injuries reported controversial results. Some found increased and others reduced injury risks, playing on artificial turf as compared to natural grass surfaces. Most of these studies were not prospective, had a low number of subjects and used different generations of artificial turf surfaces. A prospective study by Ekstrand et al. (2006) compared the injury patterns from 290 elite players of 10 European soccer clubs training on artificial turf with 204 elite players training on natural grass. There was no difference in injury frequency and severity between the two groups in game situations or during practices on the two surface conditions. More recently, Ekstrand et al. (2010)also reported a prospective study with 15 men’s and 5 women’s soccer teams, playing matches on third-generation artificial turf. A comparison to results from playing on natural grass showed no difference in the overall injury risk for neither the male nor female players in match and practice situations. However, during matches the male players had a reduced risk of quadriceps strains and a higher risk of ankle sprains on artificial turf. Although the overall rate was the same between the two surface conditions, the types of injuries may change.
Evaluation of noisiness of exposed aggregate cement concrete pavement
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk, Pawel Gierasimiuk, Marek Motylewicz, Marta Wasilewska
Texturing using the broom drag method can be performed longitudinally or transversely to the road axis. In the case of a transverse direction a manual or mechanical dragging of the broom two times across the road pavement is required using a broom with hard bristle. In the case of a longitudinal texturing, the broom is located directly behind the concrete laying machine (Nelson, 2011). Artificial turf texturing is performed by dragging a piece of artificial turf flipped upside down over a freshly condensed concrete mixture, longitudinally or transverse to the road axis (Hoerner et al., 2003; National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, 2011a).