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Development and Utilization of Artificial Reefs in Korea
Published in Stephen A. Bortone, Shinya Otake, Modern Fisheries Engineering, 2020
Lee Moon Ock, Oh Tae Geon, Baek Sang Ho, Kim Jong Kyu
Artificial reefs are structures constructed in aquatic environments to attract and concentrate aquatic organisms and to potentially improve and rehabilitate coastal ecosystems (Pickering 1996, Pickering et al. 1997, Pickering et al. 1998). Seaman and Jensen (2000) also defined an artificial reef as “one or more objects of natural or human origin deployed purposefully on the seafloor to influence physical, biological, or socioeconomic processes related to living marine resources.” Today, artificial reefs are being constructed in coastal areas around the world for various purposes: e.g., to improve fishery production, preserve biodiversity, protect habitats, prevent illegal fishing, enhance recreational fishing, and facilitate tourism (Baine 2001, Bortone et al. 2011, Lee et al. 2018).
Notes on more-than-human architecture
Published in Gretchen Coombs, Andrew McNamara, Gavin Sade, Undesign, 2018
What types of structures might be used to produce artificial habitats? Depending on what is selected as important design criteria, the results might look very different. For example, artificial reefs are often made from scuttled ships, tyres or even old tanks and airplanes. While this approach might be functionally adequate, from a standpoint of an architectural designer it looks like a missed opportunity, potentially leading to culturally unsustainable structures, even if under water, but especially on land. Existing resistance to the erection of such constructions as wind turbines demonstrates what might happen. The space of possible structures remains largely unexplored. Artificial trees might attempt to resemble their biological prototypes as closely as possible or appear very different from them while providing some of the desired affordances. As in many situations, it is likely that artificially constructed habitats can be made more economical, impactful and culturally acceptable if biomimicry approaches are combined with technological innovations. This challenge stands out as an opportunity for design disciplines with their emphasis on open-ended practical experimentation, their awareness of the wide spectrum of possibilities, for example in regard to geometric and structural arrangements, and their proficiency in working with disparate datasets, stakeholders and values.
Environmental implications of offshore energy
Published in Katherine L. Yates, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning, 2018
Andrew B. Gill, Silvana N.R. Birchenough, Alice R. Jones, Adrian Judd, Simon Jude, Ana Payo-Payo, Ben Wilson
Worldwide, artificial reefs are constructed and deployed in coastal waters to manage fisheries, mitigate human-caused damage, protect and rehabilitate particular habitats, or to increase the value of an area for recreation (e.g., Jensen 2002; Claudet and Pelletier 2004; Seaman 2007). Oil and gas structures attract marine life (e.g., Whomersley and Picken 2003; Schroeder and Love 2004; Kaiser and Pulsipher 2005), and offshore renewable energy developments are proving to do likewise (e.g., Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008; Reubens et al. 2013; Coates et al. 2014). These artificial reefs provide new habitats for many sessile and mobile colonising species. The device structures represent different types of substratum, shapes and submersion time, but have generally lower diversity relative to natural reef habitats (e.g., Wilhelmsson and Malm 2008; Ashley et al. 2014).
Ecotoxicological effects of decommissioning offshore petroleum infrastructure: A systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Amy MacIntosh, Katherine Dafforn, Beth Penrose, Anthony Chariton, Tom Cresswell
A large proportion of artificial reefs from offshore petroleum structures are created for increasing potential habitat for marine fauna, fisheries, prevention of trawling and ecological restoration devices. In current offshore decommissioning regulations, the permission for artificial reef creation from offshore installations and structures left in marine environments is only permitted in the United States. Half of the US coastal states’ guidelines and criteria are based on guidance from the National Artificial Reef Plan (amended in 2007), yet there is no federal coordination or oversight regulating the Rigs-to-Reef (RtR) program in US waters (Paxton et al., 2020). However, in 2010 California passed a bill to mandate the conditional partial removal of offshore platforms; California Marine Resources Legacy Act, with the inactivation of the RtR legalization (Meyer-Gutbrod et al., 2020). The application of the RtR program in Australia is mentioned, yet it is still not an option due to the absence of reliable research and evaluation. Under the OSPAR convention, all North Sea participating countries are not permitted to abandon structures to be converted to artificial reefs. As there is no clear constitution on what classifies as a net benefit to the ecological community from the RtR program (further to excluding joint pipelines), it is difficult to come to a consensus.
BSEE decommissioning cost estimates in the shallow water US Gulf of Mexico
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2022
The lift boat required to lift the topsides and jacket structure depends on the platform size, water depth, weights, and other factors. A cargo barge is normally used to transport the topsides (and possibly jacket) to shore. Platforms that are clean, stable, and durable may be a candidate for an artificial reef in one of the Gulf’s artificial reef planning areas (Kaiser et al. 2020), and if the platform is approved by both the (receiving) state and federal regulatory agency, will either by towed to location or reefed in place. Toppled structures due to a structural failure are generally not considered good candidates for an artificial reef. Caissons do not provide the structural complexity required for a successful reef and are rarely accepted into state programmes.
Hydrodynamic performance of tire-based floating breakwater
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2021
Ahmad AlYousif, Subramanaim Neelamani, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson
Scrap-tire FBWs rely on friction, as well as on turbulence, generated during their dynamic response to dissipate the wave energy resulting from the vorticities produced by the incident wave interaction with the floating tires (Ćatipović et al. 2019; Zhao et al. 2019). They are promising wave barriers because of their availability at low cost, flexibility, and ease of assembly and mobilization. They can act as artificial reefs, attract fish and marine life, cause minimum to no damage to existing coral reefs, are independent of the bottom soil conditions, and provide superior water circulation compared to typical bottom-resting structures. Moreover, when slack-moored, they can automatically adjust to changes in water depth from tidal variations (Hales 1981).