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Floors, floor finishes and DPMs
Published in James Douglas, Bill Ransom, Understanding Building Failures, 2013
Hardcore is used to fill small depressions on sites and to adjust the amount of concrete needed in an over-site slab, following removal of topsoil from the site. It is also used on soft and wet sites to provide a good working surface and one which will not affect adversely the oversite concrete during placing. It has, too, some value in reducing moisture uptake from the ground. Hardcore is deemed to satisfy the Building Regulations (Section C4a) when it consists of clean clinker, broken brick or similar inert material free from water-soluble sulphates or other deleterious matter which might cause damage to the concrete. Materials mostly used in practice are concrete rubble, broken bricks and tiles, blast-furnace slag, various shales, pulverised fuel ash, quarry waste, chalk, gravel and crushed rock.
Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste as per Indian Legislation
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
Ashok K. Rathoure, Unnati Patel
The reuse and recycling of these materials is effective in reducing both cost and environmental impact. The standard point of energy saving and conservation of natural resources, the use of alternative constituents in construction materials is now a global concern. The use of these materials basically depends on their separation and condition of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential of reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction and demolition waste can be used in the following manner (CPHEEO, 2000): Reuse (at site) of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc. to the extent possible and depending upon their condition. Among these the ceramic tiles are used in this project.Sale/auction of material which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint or change in design.Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by recycling industries.Rubble, brick bats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc. can be used for building activity, such as, levelling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute of heavy moving loads. Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-lying areas.Fine material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as cover material over sanitary landfill.
Recycled concrete aggregate/municipal glass blends as a low-carbon resource material for footpaths
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2018
Arul Arulrajah, Monzur Imteaz, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Yan-Jun Du, Jack Shui-Long Shen
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is a major by-product of demolition activities of concrete structures and classified as a C&D material in Australia (Arulrajah, Disfani, Haghighi, Mohammadinia, & Horpibulsuk, 2015; Disfani, Arulrajah, Haghighi, Mohammadinia, & Horpibulsuk, 2014; Mohammadinia et al., 2014). Concrete rubble is crushed into aggregates of variable sizes depending on the field of civil engineering application. Approximately 8.7 million tonnes of RCA are stockpiled annually in Australia (Arulrajah, Piratheepan, Disfani, & Bo, 2013). Another salient waste is ‘recycled glass’, which is the by-product of crushed glass products, including mixed color bottles collected from both municipal and industrial waste streams (Landris, 2007; Wartman, Grubb, & Nasim, 2004). In Australia, recycled glass is considered as a C&D waste. Approximately 1.0 million tonnes of waste glass is stockpiled annually in Australia (Arulrajah, Piratheepan, et al., 2013). Fine recycled glass (FRG) is the result of crushing waste glass down to a maximum particle size of less than 4.75 mm and is the main by-product of the glass recycling industry in Victoria, Australia (Arulrajah, Piratheepan, et al., 2013). FRG mainly comprises sand-sized particles with a small percentage of silt-sized particles. In recent years, extensive research works have been carried out on investigating the feasibility of using recycled glass in different civil and geotechnical engineering applications such as embankments, drainage blanket and pavements (Arulrajah, Piratheepan, et al., 2013; Grubb, Gallagher, Wartman, Liu, & Carnivale, 2006; Landris, 2007; Ooi, Li, Sagario, & Song, 2008; Wartman et al., 2004).
Strength development of recycled concrete aggregate stabilized with fly ash-rice husk ash based geopolymer as pavement base material
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020
Theerapruet Poltue, Apichat Suddeepong, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Wisanukhorn Samingthong, Arul Arulrajah, Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid
Virgin aggregates from quarries are generally used as construction materials in infrastructure works. In order to reduce the negative effects of virgin aggregate extraction on the environment, recycled waste materials produced from the construction and demolition sectors, have recently been used as an alternative material. In Thailand, an average of 1.1 × 109 kg of construction wastes are generated annually (Kofoworola & Gheewala, 2008). This constitutes about 7.7% of total wastes disposed in both landfills and open dumpsite annually. Construction waste constitutes a major source of wastes in terms of volume and weight. However, its management and recycling have yet to be effectively practiced. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the by-product of the demolition activities of concrete structures and buildings (Arulrajah, Piratheepan, Ali, & Bo, 2012; Disfani, Arulrajah, Bo, & Hankour, 2011; Hoyos, Puppala, & Ordonaz, 2011; Poon & Chan, 2006; Puppala, Hoyos, & Potturi, 2011; Sivakumar, McKinly, & Ferguson, 2004). Concrete rubble is crushed into aggregates of variable sizes depending on the field of application. Maximum particle sizes of 20 mm to 38 mm are commonly used in construction activities. The characteristics of RCA are dependent on several factors such as; properties of original concrete, age, and type of crusher employed. Impurities such as dry mortar paste and gypsum decrease the quality of material. The utilisation of RCA in unbound pavement constructions has been reported by many researchers. Arulrajah et al. (2012) reported that the performance of RCA satisfied pavement subbase requirements. Ali and Arulrajah (2012) reported that RCA-recycled crushed glass blends could meet subbase requirements.
Assessment of the physical characteristics and stormwater effluent quality of permeable pavement systems containing recycled materials
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
John Monrose, K. Tota-Maharaj, A. Mwasha
Recycled waste materials obtain their physical and chemical properties from their sources, processing methods, and handling techniques which in turn determine their suitability for use in construction with respect to structural (strength and durability) and environmental (leachability) requirements (Inyang, 2003). According to Arulrajah, Piratheepan, Disfani, and Bo (2013) different researchers have found that construction rubble possesses few negative environmental and social effects because leachate release and the presence of heavy metals are within acceptable limits for civil engineering applications.