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Published in A. Bahurudeen, P.V.P. Moorthi, Testing of Construction Materials, 2020
[AE 2018] The masonry constructed using more than one material to improve the appearance and durability is called Stone masonryBrick masonryRubble masonryComposite masonry
Comparison of seismic behaviour of façades of colonial churches with and without bell towers
Published in Claudio Modena, F. da Porto, M.R. Valluzzi, Brick and Block Masonry, 2016
The main material of construction is a heterogeneous masonry constituted by stones agglutinated by lime and mortar (rubble masonry). This heterogeneous material constitutes a kind of concrete whose composition varies according to the structural element. It is lighter than normal stone masonry. These characteristics allow modelling the material as homogenous and isotropic (Chavez et al. 2012).
Engineering Measures for Soil and Water Conservation: Terracing and Benching
Published in Herman J. Finkel, Moshe Finkel, Ze’ev Naveh, Semiarid Soil and Water Conservation, 1986
In areas where field stone is available, the wall can be built of dry rubble masonry. The lower (exposed) face of the wall should have a slight batter (1 on 5) inward at the top, to give it more stability. The taller the wall, the more the degree of batter required. It requires skill and experience to build up good terrace walls with rough field stone, and to ensure that they are properly anchored in the ground. The final result, when done correctly, is beautiful and long-lasting, but the cost is relatively high. It can be justified in very hilly regions where there is a dearth of good land with moderate slopes, and where there is a surplus of seasonal labor with no alternative occupation.
Empirical Performance Levels of Strengthened Masonry Buildings Struck by the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake: Proposal of a New Taxonomy
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Luca Sbrogiò, Ylenia Saretta, Maria Rosa Valluzzi
The M1 type represented the lowest masonry quality and its materials were those available in the surroundings of the construction site, depending on the proximity to rivers, quarries, or debris deposits and on the nature of the subsoils (Valluzzi et al. 2021), as common in OMBs. Reused stones, from collapsed buildings, were commonly found. Mortar also conformed to the nature of local materials: lime mortar was associated to limestone rocks while a greater clay fraction was typical of sandstone masonries, even when pebbles were used. Stone chips, to enhance the contact among units, were scarcely used. Textures were generally random, sometimes they were brought to course exploiting the fracture surfaces of sedimentary rocks. Typically, wall thickness ranged between 40 to 70 cm, peaking in Camerino up to 1 m and more: cross-sections were divided at least in two leaves. Bond stones were scarcely used. Mortar, however, was so copious that voids in the filling were small and isolated. Bricks were used to quoin corners or window sides or as cornices at floor levels: this was typical of 18th and 19th century building practice or the result of recent interventions (see Table 1). Random rubble masonry had been used up to the 1970s, although with cement mortar.
A New Methodology for the Survey and Evaluation of Seismic Damage and Vulnerability Entailed by Structural Interventions on Masonry Buildings: Validation on the Town of Castelsantangelo sul Nera (MC), Italy
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Marco Vettore, Ylenia Saretta, Luca Sbrogiò, Maria Rosa Valluzzi
These effects have been observed independently from the type of tie beams (structural steel shapes, plane truss, cast in place r.c.) and the kind of anchoring systems used between the ties and the walls (none or steel rebars): weight and stiffness are probably not the only parameters involved. Horizontal cracks are due to the sliding of a rigid floor or roof in relation to masonry walls, but Mariani (2017, 2018) has interpreted them as an effect of vertical acceleration. Damage to masonry walls attributable to tie beams is generally severe and the probable explanation of the excess of D4 in the empirical distribution; conversely, the rigid elements, either floors or roofs or both, are almost intact (Figure 28a). The effectiveness of tie rods is limited by rubble masonry (Figure 28b).
Fragility Functions for Tall URM Buildings around Early 20th Century in Lisbon. Part 1: Methodology and Application at Building Level
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2021
Ana G. Simões, Rita Bento, Sergio Lagomarsino, Serena Cattari, Paulo B. Lourenço
The buildings constructed in the area of “Avenidas Novas” represent the core of the urban development of Lisbon in the transition between the 19th and 20th centuries. The main architectonical and structural features of these buildings are described in Simões et al. (2017). The buildings have between four and six stories, façade walls made of rubble masonry, side and interior walls made of brick masonry. Floors and roof are made of timber elements. The “gaioleiro” buildings may be subdivided into different types as a function of the dimension of the lot and the position of the building in the aggregate (Appleton 2005). Previous works compared the seismic behaviour of the building types identifying the most vulnerable and most common type (Simões et al. 2014, 2018), which is adopted in this work.