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Cryogenic Storage Vessels
Published in Norman R. Braton, Cryogenic Recycling and Processing, 1980
The typical cryogenic storage vessel can be used for a dual purpose; that is, it can dispense a cryogen to be used as a liquid or gaseous vapor. As previously described, liquid can be withdrawn by the use of insulated transfer lines. When there is a need for a gaseous vapor, a limited amount of vapor can be withdrawn directly from the head space of the vessel through a simple economizer line. However, when a substantially large volume of gaseous vapor is required, it becomes necessary to withdraw liquid and transform it to a vapor with the use of an external vaporizer. The vaporizer is basically a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred to the cryogenic liquid allowing the liquid to change to a warm vapor. The volumetric conversion from a liquid to a gas is different for each cryogen, as shown in Table 2.
Impact of cannabis and low alcohol concentration on divided attention tasks during driving
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Ryan E. Miller, Timothy L. Brown, Stella Lee, Ishaan Tibrewal, Gary G. Gaffney, Gary Milavetz, Rebecca L. Hartman, David A. Gorelick, Richard Compton, Marilyn A. Huestis
Participants attended 6 sessions, with washout periods ≥1 week, receiving combinations of cannabis (placebo, low THC, high THC) and alcohol (placebo, active) in randomized order. Participants spent 10-16 h at the research clinic prior to controlled drug administration to ensure they were not acutely intoxicated. Sessions began with participants drinking either 90% grain alcohol in fruit juice until reaching ∼0.065% peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC, Alco-Sensor FST, Intoximeters, St. Louis, MO), or a placebo drink with an alcohol-swabbed rim. After drinking, participants inhaled 500 mg placebo (0.008 ± 0.002%, 0 mg THC), low-THC (2.9 ± 0.14%, ∼14.5 mg), or high-THC (6.7 ± 0.05%, ∼33.5 mg) vaporized cannabis (NIDA Chemistry and Physiological Systems Research Branch) ad libitum over 10 minutes using a Volcano® desk-top vaporizer (Storz & Bickel, Tuttlingen, Germany).
Quantitative Analysis of Ultralow-Density Materials Using Laboratory-Based Quasi-Monochromatic Radiography
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2018
Brian M. Patterson, John Sain, Richard Seugling, Miguel Santiago-Cordoba, Lynne Goodwin, John Oertel, Joseph Cowan, Christopher E. Hamilton, Nikolaus L. Cordes, Stuart A. Gammon, Theodore F. Baumann
Poly(p-xylylene) (commonly called parylene) thin films were prepared via a chemical vapor deposition of [2,2]-p-cyclophane in a PDS 2010 (Specialty Coating Systems, Indianapolis, Indiana) vacuum coating system. The deposition system utilized for the sample preparation consists of a vaporizer, pyrolysis furnace, and a deposition chamber. The quartz substrates were placed in the deposition chamber on a horizontal plate affixed to a rotational motor shaft to allow a uniform film deposition. The poly(p-xylylene) precursor, [2,2]-p-cyclophane, was introduced in a vaporizer and subsequently heated to 175°C under vacuum (10 mTorr). Then, the [2,2]-p-cyclophane vapor is polymerized to parylene through a pyrolysis process in an adjacent furnace at 650°C; during this part of the deposition process, the pressure of the system oscillates between 10 and 35 mTorr. Finally, the parylene vapor travels into the deposition chamber depositing on the surface of the quartz slide. The thickness of the parylene film is controlled by the amount of [2,2]-p-cyclophane loaded into the vaporizer, typically 5.6 g per 1 µm thickness. If the desired thickness was above 7 µm, then the deposition process was split into several runs.
Perceived effects of cannabis: Generalizability of changes in driving performance
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Thomas S. Burt, Timothy L. Brown, Rose Schmitt, Daniel McGehee, Gary Milavetz, Gary Gaffney, Chris Berka
As part of dosing, subjects were administered 500 mg of ground cannabis plant material (placebo, 6.18% THC, 10.5% THC), counterbalanced by session across subjects, which was vaporized using a Volcano Digit Vaporizer heated to 410 °F. Vaporization was selected to reduce subject exposure to unsafe byproducts relative to smoking and was successfully used in our prior studies (Abrams et al. 2007; Hartman, Brown, Milavetz, Spurgin, Pierce et al. 2016). Subjects were informed of the THC concentrations used in the study; however, they were not told the order in which they received them. THC concentrations were chosen to match the 6.7% from the prior study as closely as possible. Both the prior study as well as this study chose cannabis concentrations based on availability from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Drug Supply Program. More detail regarding milligrams of THC and cannabidiol is provided in Supplemental Table 2 (see online supplement). For comparability with the prior analysis that used placebo and 6.7% THC, only placebo and 6.18% THC were included for analysis. The vaporized THC was inhaled ad libitum over a 10-min period, after which subjects were given a 10-min resting period. Subjective measures of the effects of cannabis were collected at peak blood THC levels and prior to driving. These independent visual analog scales (VASs), administered via REDCap, used “good drug effect,” “high,” “stoned,” “stimulated,” “sedated,” “anxious,” and “restless.” The VAS categories are based on prior research in psychomotor and subjective effects of cannabis (Schwope et al. 2012; Hartman, Brown, Milavetz, Spurgin, Pierce et al. 2016). Anchors for these scales were 0 = not at all and 100 = most ever.