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Asthma Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management in the Current Scenario
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Nicotine replacement therapy can also be used by asthmatic patients to quit smoking. Smoking can trigger an asthmatic attack and hence quitting smoking is the best way to improve health and avoid sudden exacerbations. Cigarettes contain nicotine which is addictive and leads to physical dependence. Quitting cigarettes might be hard due to the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms of nicotine. Hence a nicotine replacement therapy provides a good alternative to nicotine without any other harmful chemicals present in the tobacco. Currently, the market is flooded with nicotine replacement therapies which include nicotine chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and transdermal patches. They are non-prescription drugs and help the patient to quit smoking. Table 2.2 summarizes all the first-line and additional allopathic treatments available for asthma.
Tobacco Products
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
As a relatively new product, consensus information regarding e-cigarettes is currently lacking on any potential adverse health effects on individuals and the public health. Research is ongoing in several countries to address the health issues, an important subject given the rapid grown in vaping populations and global distribution of e-cigarettes. However, given the fact that the key constituent of e-cigarette vapor is nicotine—indeed, nicotine delivery is the primary feature of e-cigarettes—the CDC has published some cautionary advice about nicotine in general. As enunciated by that agency, “Nicotine from e-cigarettes is absorbed by users and bystanders. Nicotine is highly addictive; Nicotine is especially a health danger to youth who use e-cigarettes. It may have long-term, negative effects on brain growth; Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant women and their developing babies. Using an e-cigarette and even being around someone else using an e-cigarette can expose pregnant women to nicotine and other chemicals that may be toxic” [35].
Chemistry and Agriculture: Helping to Feed the World
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The alkaloid nicotine has insecticidal activity and extracts from tobacco plants have been used in agriculture since the 1700s. However, nicotine is highly toxic to mammals (LD50, IV, mice 0.3 mg/kg) and must be used with care. A number of synthetic nicotine derivatives have attained importance as insecticides. The major development of the neonicotinoids was done by a Japanese firm, Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo that is now part of Bayer Crop Sciences. The successful introduction of imidacloprid was followed by other neonicotinoids such as thiamethoxam (Syngenta), acetamiprid (Nippon Soda), nitepyram and clothianidin (Takeda Agro), and dinotefuran (Mitsui Chemical). The neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that are absorbed by plants and are most effective against piercing and sucking insects such as aphids. They can also be used on pets for control of fleas, lice, mites, and ticks. The advantage of the new synthetic neonicotinoids is that they have much higher selectivity for the insect AChE receptor. One of the chemical characteristics of the neonicotinoids is the neutrality at physiological pH.42 The structures of several of the neonicotinoids are shown in Scheme 8.14.
Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Felix Effah, Benjamin Taiwo, Deborah Baines, Alexis Bailey, Tim Marczylo
Nicotine is a potent stimulator of cell proliferation and may stimulate cancer development and growth (Dasgupta 2006; Khalil et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2005; Mravec et al. 2020). Nicotine is an agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) (Dani 2015; Victoria et al. 2022), which are functionally expressed in the non-neuronal tissues of the lung (Chernyavsky et al. 2015; Improgo, Tapper, and Gardner 2011;). There are more than a dozen different nAChR subunit proteins, subdivided into α and β subfamilies, which form pentameric ion channels consisting of either a single type of α subunit (homopentamers) or a combination of α and β subunits (heteropentamers) (Shahsavar et al. 2016). As ligand-gated ion channels, nAChRs undergo complex allosteric changes in response to binding either the endogenous ligand acetylcholine (Ach) or exogenous ligands, including nicotine. nAChRs are classically linked to the plasma membrane depolarization required for neurotransmission; however, non-neuronal nAChRs in the lung act most frequently as calcium channels and were reported to activate numerous cellular pathways upon binding to either adrenergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, or by direct action within the cytoplasm (Wen et al. 2011) which regulate cell proliferation. Nicotine alone is not a carcinogen but is a tumor promoter (Ping Wu 2019). High doses of nicotine induce multi-organ toxicity and perhaps death from paralysis of respiratory muscles via the nAchRs (Mishra et al. 2015).
Experimental and computational analysis of N-methylcytisine alkaloid in solution and prediction of biological activity by docking calculations
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Fanny C. Alvarez Escalada, Elida Romano, Silvia Antonia Brandán, Ana E. Ledesma
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast chemical neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and have various signalling characters in the central nervous system; human α4β2 is a nicotinic receptor of nicotinic subtype mostly abundant in the brain [41]. Nicotine is a plant alkaloid responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco; it binds with high affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors α4β2nAChRs and acts as a full agonist. Research works find new use of nAChR partial agonists for the treatment option by smoking cessation, such as cytosine, which diminishes nicotine support and reduces the pleasure from smoking [42]. To evaluate the basis for affinity binding and eventually identify the structural elements, supporting the receptor selectivity of the NMC to nAChRs receptor, we have structurally characterised complexes of that molecule with acetylcholine-binding protein (Ac-AChBP, PDB:4BQT) and human α4β2 nAChR (PDB: 5KXI) receptors. Full details, showing the ligand position in the binding site with NMC docked into each complex, are provided in Figure 6.
Relationship between shift-work and life-style behaviors among emergency department nurses in Jordan
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Rayyan A. Salah, Malakeh Z. Malak, Ayman K. Bani Salameh
The current study indicated that more than one third-of ED nurses had moderate to very high addiction to nicotine. Similar results were reported by a previous study.17 Most of the previous literature discussed the prevalence of smoking and did not focus on nicotine dependence. Also, the nurses are more liable to smoking especially shift-workers who use smoking as a coping mechanism to minimize stress and anxiety and to overcome sleepiness and tiredness, all of which lead to nicotine dependence.9 Research has suggested that nicotine causes addiction like other addictive substances such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin.39