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Graphene-based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Published in Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, Advances in Nanostructured Composites, 2019
Vanadium pentoxide is widely studied as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries. To address the low intrinsic electronic conductivity, slow lithium-ion diffusion and irreversible phase transition of vanadium pentoxide on deep discharge, graphene sheets were incorporated into vanadium pentoxide nanoribbons via a sol-gel process (Liu et al. 2015). V2O5 nanoribbons with a 5–10 nm diameter were anchored or sandwiched between the graphene sheets, indicated by the yellow dashed circle region (see Figure 3, Liu et al. 2015). In addition, a low-voltage, aberration-corrected high-resolution TEM image of the synthesized V2O5-G (see Figure 3b, Liu et al. 2015) clearly shows the V2O5 nanoribbons sandwiched between the graphene sheets.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Vanadium is a soft, ductile, silver-gray metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water. Vanadium metal, sheet, strip, foil, bar, wire, and tubing are used in industries. It is used in high-temperature service, in the production of rust-resistant, high-speed tools, and is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. In fact, most vanadium is used as an additive to improve steels. Vanadium steel is especially strong and hard, with improved resistance to shock. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is perhaps vanadium’s most useful compound. It is used as a mordant—a material that permanently fixes dyes to fabrics. Vanadium pentoxide is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions and in the manufacture of ceramics. Vanadium pentoxide can also be mixed with gallium to form superconductive magnets.
Looking Ahead
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
A medium hard, ductile and malleable transition metal, vanadium is the twentieth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. While it occurs in many minerals, most vanadium is produced from vanadium-bearing magnetite found in ultramafic rocks. Main uses of vanadium are in specialised alloys, where it provides wear resistance. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst in production of sulphuric acid. Vanadium is also increasingly used in batteries.
Drinking water and health assessment in a Northern Arizona community
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
Emily Cooksey, Marc Verhougstraete, Sam J. Sneed, Carrie Nuva Joseph, Jonathan Blohem, Morris Paukgana, Lori Joshweseoma, Gregory Sehongva, Steven Hadeed, Robin Harris, Mary Kay O’Rourke
In addition to arsenic, other elements were found in reported for water samples including: lithium, aluminum, strontium, and vanadium. Limited health effects have been reported for vanadium and strontium from drinking water, although the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry identifies vanadium pentoxide as a probable carcinogen (ATSDR, 2012). Stomach cramps have been reported at doses above 13,000 µg/day (ATSDR, 2012). Vanadium pentoxide is listed as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006) based on lung cancer outcomes in mice. Drinking two liters of water per day at the maximum concentration measured in the current study would yield a daily dose of 4,260 µg/L, which appears well below exposures resulting in stomach cramps. Aluminum was detected as high as 3,413 µg/L and 14% of municipal/piped water samples exceeded the USEPA’s secondary standard (50–200 µg/L), but no primary drinking water regulations exist for aluminum (National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (Part 141), 2011). The maximum lithium concentration measured in a household was 163 µg/L, but there are no standards (MCL, MCLG, or US EPA secondary level) to judge potential health risks. Water consumption of lithium has been associated with gastric health issues such as stomach cancers (Janbabai et al., 2018; Norie & Foster, 1989). While most barium concentrations in the water samples were well below the MCL, the maximum concentration approached the World Health Organization’s guideline of 700 µg/L. Consumption of elevated barium is associated with respiratory difficulties, increased blood pressure, stomach irritation, and damage to the liver, kidney, heart, and spleen.
Phase transformation by the irradiation with swift heavy ions on vanadium oxide thin films
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
Kapil Gupta, Sarvesh Kumar, Rahul Singhal
Vanadium oxides are most interesting materials for researchers due to their electrical, optical and phase transition properties at the transition temperature. These oxides possess metal to insulator transition, accompanied by modifications of structural, optical and other properties. Thin films of vanadium oxides can be used in electronic and optical devices, smart windows, in gas sensors and in electro chromic devices. The characteristic features of the thin films of vanadium oxide depend upon the deposition parameters and conditions. Vanadium has many oxides such as VO2, V2O3, V2O5 and V6O13 due to its high oxidation state. In vanadium oxygen system, most interesting oxide is vanadium dioxide (VO2), which shows electrical and optical transition at 68°C. Morin (1) was the first to point out this transition in transition metal oxides and later studied by Zylberrsztejn and Goodenough (2,3). Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and V6O13 are close to vanadium dioxide in stoichiometry. Vanadium pentoxide is the most stable vanadium oxide with oxidation state +5 and has transition temperature around 257°C. Vanadium pentoxide and V6O13 are the most anticipating materials used in lithium batteries because of its high storage capacity and conductivity. V6O13 can be considered as deficient in oxygen atoms in comparison to V2O5. This results in more open structure of the 3-dimensional channels for intercalation. The crystalline V6O13 is a metal at room temperature which undergoes metal semiconductor transition at −123°C. It is a mixed valance compound with two V+4 cations for every V+5cation.