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Technical Applicability
Published in Gerard F. Arkenbout, Melt Crystallization Technology, 2021
Maleic anhydride is used as an intermediate in the production of a variety of chemical products such as unsaturated polyesters, agricultural chemicals, lubricating oil additives, fumaric acid, maleic acid and other products. The original process to make maleic anhydride used a benzene oxidation process. In the early 1970s a process was introduced based on butane oxidation. Maleic anhydride can also be obtained as a side product in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride.
Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride is becoming a major source for this important chemical. Maleic anhydride could also be produced by the catalytic oxidation of n-butene isomers and benzene. The principal use of maleic anhydride is in the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins. These resins are used to fabricate glass fiber-reinforced materials. Other uses include fumaric acid, alkyd resins, and pesticides. Maleic acid esters are important plasticizers and lubricants. Maleic anhydride could also be a precursor for 1,4-butanediol.
Industrial Polymers
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Maleic anhydride or fumaric acid confers the fundamental unsaturation to the polyester which provides the reactivity with coreactant monomers such as styrene. Maleic anhydride is a crystalline solid melting at 52.6°C (the acid melts at 130°C), while fumaric acid is a solid melting at 284°C. The latter is sometimes preferred to maleic anhydride because it is less corrosive, tends to give lighter colored products, higher impact strength, and slightly greater heat resistance.
Study of epoxy shielding material with barium sulphate for development of radiation protection materials in low-dose diagnostic X-ray
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Nuttapong Danthanavat, Manus Mongkolsuk, Gunjanaporn Tochaikul, Soontaree Sriwongta, Atitaya Piyajaroenporn, Cholakorn Lithreungnam, Nutthapong Moonkum
To date, there has been little information on the radiation stability of barium sulphate mixed with other materials such as polyester resins. Polyester resins are synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Maleic Anhydride is a commonly used raw material with diacid functionality in unsaturated polyester resins. Unsaturated polyester resins are used in sheet moulding compounds, bulk moulding compounds and the toners of laser printers. Epoxy-ester coatings are thermosetting resins produced from the reaction between the epoxy group of epoxy resin and carboxylic group of fatty acids at elevated temperatures (12). Epoxy-esters have a variety of applications in solvent and water-based systems as coating materials, adhesives, laminated boards, printing inks, molding resins and electro-insulating varnishes (13). Moreover, the previous study investigated the anticorrosion and mechanical behavior of epoxy-alkyd/polyaniline emeraldine salt coating composite, smart corrosion protection was observed for this composite (14).
A review on waste wood reinforced polymer composites and their processing for construction materials
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2023
Katleho Keneuwe Khoaele, Oluwatoyin Joseph Gbadeyan, Viren Chunilall, Bruce Sithole
Maleated (MA) treatment involves adding a coupling agent to the fibre’s surface and matrix. Maleic anhydride is grafted onto polymers to increase the coupling agent and matrix compatibility. MA strengthens the interfacial adhesion between fibre matrix. MA reacts with the hydroxyl groups during grafting and removes them from the fibre surface. This results in a long-chain polymer covalently linked to the fibre’s surface. The copolymer is warmed to 170 °C before the treatment, and the esterification is performed. Following this treatment, the surface energy of the cellulose fibre is substantially nearer to one of the matrices (Birniwa et al. 2023).