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Vanadium Toxicity Revisited
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Rituparna Ghosh, Ahana Das, Arnab Bandyopadhyay, Rajib Majumder, Samudra Prosad Banik
Inhalation of vanadium constitutes the chief portal of entry of the metal inside the human body. This has been established unequivocally through data from industry workers as well as studies in human and laboratory animals. The size and nature (organic/inorganic) of vanadium-containing particles and the solubility of vanadium compounds are the governing factors behind absorption rate of the metal in the respiratory tract. For example, insoluble vanadium pentoxide is relatively rapidly expelled by lungs in animals after sudden acute exposure, but the process occurs at a significantly slower rate when exposure to vanadium takes place on a regular basis. This occurs because over time the metal is slowly deposited in the lungs and tends to remain there. Soluble vanadium compounds are partially absorbed, but the extent of absorption is yet to be determined accurately. Adverse toxicity effects of vanadium inhalation have been reported in humans and animals at concentrations substantially higher than those found in environments. Workers regularly inhaling vanadium pentoxide dust have been shown to be affected from diverse respiratory obstructions and airway irritation (e.g., coughing, wheezing, and sore throat). Although the effects persist for days or weeks after the end of initial exposure, they do not generally affect lung function (Rehder 2013, Fallahi et al. 2018, Zhu et al. 2016, Yu et al. 2011, Wei et al. 2015). However, the effects are more pronounced in animal models with concomitant development of many lung lesions including alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasia, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Vanadium Flow Batteries
Published in Huamin Zhang, Huamin Zhang, Xianfeng Li, Jiujun Zhang, Redox Flow Batteries, 2017
Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and an atomic number of 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile, and malleable transition metal. Vanadium exists in solution in four different oxidation states: VO2+[V(IV)], VO2+[V(V)], V2+[V(II)], and V3+[V(III)]. The VFB utilizes all four oxidation states; the positive electrode uses the VO2+/VO2+ couple and the negative electrode uses the V2+/V3+ couple. All four vanadium ions are dissolved in the supporting electrolytes (normally sulfuric acid); the concentration of vanadium ions and sulfuric acid is 1–2 M and 1–3 M, respectively.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Exposures to high levels of vanadium cause harmful health effects. The major effects from breathing high levels of vanadium are on the lungs, throat, and eyes. Workers who breathe vanadium for short and long periods show lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose, and sore throat. Prolonged period of exposures to respirable dusts and vanadium fume have caused potential symptoms of toxicity among occupational workers. The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, irritation of the eyes and throat, green tongue, metallic taste, sore throat, cough, drowsiness, wheezing, bronchitis, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, bronchial damage, epistaxis (bloody nose), eczema, conjunctivitis, headache, dry mouth, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and tremor. It is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. Vanadium is a natural component of fuel oil, and workers have developed vanadium poisoning during cleaning operations on oil-fired furnaces.
A four-parameter generalized van der Waals equation of state: theoretical determination of thermodynamic stability boundary and vapor–liquid equilibrium of vanadium, niobium and tantalum
Published in Phase Transitions, 2023
Ramesh Arumugam, Balasubramanian Ramasamy
Vanadium is used in the production of steel, non-ferrous metals, alloys, batteries [1]. Non-metallic applications of vanadium include catalysts, ceramics, electronics and vanadium chemicals. Vanadium is also used in green technology applications. Energy storage, thermochromic fenestration and solar water spitting are potential new applications of vanadium. Niobium and tantalum are used in steel and metal alloy industries. Niobium and tantalum are used in aerospace and nuclear energy industries [1]. Due to its good corrosion resistance and good thermal conductivity, niobium is used in electronic industry [1]. Due to its good electrical conductivity, tantalum is used in the production of capacitors [1]. These facts underscore the technological significance of the study of vanadium, niobium and tantalum. In this respect, several studies have been made on the properties of vanadium, niobium and tantalum. The thermodynamic properties of vanadium [2–4], niobium [5–7] and tantalum [8,9] in the solid state have been studied. And, the thermodynamic properties of vanadium [10], niobium [11] and tantalum [12] in the liquid state have been studied. However, the studies of vanadium, niobium and tantalum in the metastable state are scarce. This fact necessities the study of these metals in the metastable state.
A review on green approaches utilizing phytochemicals in the synthesis of vanadium nano particles and their applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Smriti Bansal, Ankita Singh, Deepak Poddar, Sanjeeve Thakur, Purnima Jain
Vanadium is used in the electrical storage and battery production industry. This property is shown by vanadium due to its variable oxidation state. It is well known that there is a necessity of sources for renewable energy other than solar and wind energy. Vanadium based redox flow battery is the best example of this, and where two tanks are bearing vanadium liquid. Cathode tanks contain vanadium in the oxidation state of +5 or +4 whereas anode tank contains V+2 and V+3 suspended in the host liquid. In this type of battery exchange of electrons takes place through a single interface, so there is no degradation of electrodes, as happens in other types of battery. This increases the efficiency of the battery and increases its life too. This brings a significant advantage in the energy storage industry.[43]
Selective Solvent Extraction of Vanadium Over Chromium from Alkaline Leaching Solution of Vanadium Slag by D2EHPA/TBP
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
Lili Cui, Jungang Cao, Shihui Jiao, Guangsheng Pang, Zhonglin Wei
Vanadium, as a significant material, is widely used in various fields, such as aerospace, catalysts, energy storage batteries, and advanced materials.[1–3] Vanadium is present in over 65 different minerals, most of which are from vanadium slag, stone coal, and spent catalyst so far.[4–7] In addition, vanadium and chromium, a pair of adjacent transition metal, always coexist in nature. Furthermore, as vanadium applications continue to expand, the demand for high-purity vanadium products is increasingly high. Therefore, the research on high-quality vanadium pentoxide preparation technology is crucial. In light of the above mentioning aspects, more attention has been paid to grope for new vanadium extraction technologies, and accordingly several methods (e.g. chemical precipitation,[8] ion exchange,[9,10] solvent extraction[11,12] and adsorption[13]) have been developed. Solvent extraction especially has to be considered as a potential strategy because it has the advantage of being an established well process, good separation and favorable economics.[14]